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ex phis > muscle contraction > Flashcards

muscle contraction Flashcards

1
Q

smooth muscle

A

involuntary
lines the hollow organs like the stomach and small intestines

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2
Q

cardiac muscle

A

involuntary
heart muscle

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3
Q

skeletal muscle

A

voluntary
attached to skeleton

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4
Q

entire muscle

A

surrounded with epimysium
-consists of many bundles (fasciculi)

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5
Q

fasciculi

A

surrounded by perimysium
-consists of individual muscle cells (fibers)

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6
Q

muscle fiber

A

surrounded by Endomysium
-myofibrils divided into sarcomeres

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7
Q

mysiums are all

A

connective tissues

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8
Q

size of skeletal muscle fibers (largest to smallest)

A

EPI, PERI, ENDO

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9
Q

sarcolemma

A

contains plasmalemma and basement membrane
-transmits force and is subjected to substantial stress during contractions

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10
Q

plasmalemma

A

surrounds individual muscle fibers, fuses with tendon which inserts into a bone, conducts action potential for muscle contraction

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11
Q

where does action potential happen

A

plasmamembrane

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12
Q

what is the working part of the sarcolemma of a muscle cell that maintains ph and transports nutrients

A

plasmamembrane

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13
Q

sarcoplasm

A

cytoplasm of muscle cell

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14
Q

what does the sarcoplasm have

A

stores glycogen, myoglobin

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15
Q

transverse tubules

A

extension of plasmalemma
- carry action potential deep into muscle fiber t get the sarcomeres to shorten inside which contracts the muscle

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16
Q

sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR)

A

CA2+ storage

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17
Q

myofibrils - built from sarcomeres

A

contractile unit of skeletal muscle
muscle = fasciculi = muscle fiber = myofibril

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18
Q

muscle

A

epimysium

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19
Q

fascicle

A

perimysium

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20
Q

muscle fiber

A

endomysium

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21
Q

myofilaments

A

thick and thin

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22
Q

sarcomeres

A

inside myofibrils
-run end to end of full myofibril length
-basic contractile element of skeletal muscle

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23
Q

alphabetical order of muscle from largest to smallest

A

fascicle, fiber, fibril, and filament

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24
Q

actin

A

thin myofilaments
- contains myosin binding sites

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25
Q

3 proteins that make up filaments

A

actin, troponin, tropomyosin

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26
Q

troponin

A

binds to calcium released from SR
-moves tropomyosin to expose myosin binding site

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27
Q

tropomyosin

A

covers myosin binding site enabling muscle to relax
- covers myosin binding site when calcium is within SR

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28
Q

myosin

A

thick myofilaments
-heads contain actin
-uses atp to “ratchet”
have ATPase enzyme

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29
Q

ATP

A

adenosine with 3 phosphate

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30
Q

ADP

A

adenosine with 2 phosphate

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31
Q

5 proteins in sarcomeres

A
  1. actin
  2. troponin
  3. myosin
  4. tropmyosin
  5. titin
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32
Q

myosin stabilizes by

A

titin

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33
Q

anchor points for myosin

A

m line (end to end) and titin

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34
Q

voluntary muscle contraction requires

A

nervous system, muscle cells, and interdependence

35
Q

motor units

A

single alpha - motor unit + all fibers it innervates muscle fibers
(somatic nervous system)
-the more motor units the greater the contractile force

36
Q

neuromuscular junction

A

site of communication between neuron and muscle
-consists of synapse between a motor neuron and muscle fiber

37
Q

excitation-contraction coupling

A

rapid communication between electrical events occurring in the plasma membrane of skeletal muscle fibres and Ca2+ release from the SR, which leads to contraction.

38
Q

action potential starts in the

A

brain

39
Q

ap travels along alpha motor neuron towards

A

neuromuscular junction

40
Q

ap arrives at NMJ, causes release of

A

acetylcholine

41
Q

ACH crosses synapse, binds to ACH____ on plasmalemma (motor end plates)

A

receptors

42
Q

ap travels down plasmalemma and into

A

T- Tubules as they come along

43
Q

ap inside t- tubules, triggers Ca+2 release from the

A

sarcoplasmic reticulum

44
Q

released _____ enables actin-myosin contraction

A

Ca+2

45
Q

CA+2 binds to ______ that causes tropomyosin to uncover myosin binding sites

A

troponin

46
Q

myosin binds to newly uncovered binding sites on actin and ratchets

A

contraction

47
Q

role of Ca+2 in muscle fibers and contraction

A

AP arrives at the Axon terminal causing an influx of Ca+2 which causes the release of ACh into NMJ synapse

48
Q

role of Ca+2 in muscle fibers and contraction 2.

A

ap arrives at myofibril SR via T-tubule
-SR arrives to electrical charge
-causes mass release of Ca+2 into sarcoplasm

49
Q

role of Ca+2 in muscle fibers and contraction 3.

A

Ca+2 binds to troponin on thin filament
- at rest tropomyosin covers the binding sites
-troponin Ca+2 complex moves tropomyosin
- myosin binds to actin, contraction can occur

50
Q

sliding filament theory: a relaxed state

A

no sarcoplasm Ca+2 stored in the SR in this state
-tropomyosin is covering myosin binding sites on actin
- no actin interaction at the binding site

51
Q

sliding filament theory: contracted state

A

ap has caused SR to release Ca+2 into the sarcoplasm

52
Q

Ca+2 binds to troponin which causes ____ to move off of myosin binding sites

A

tropomyosin

53
Q

myosin head pulls actin toward sarcomere center =

A

power stroke

54
Q

filaments slide past each other due to

A

ratcheting

55
Q

type 1 muscle fiber

A

slow twitch, lower peak tension, slower ATPase, less developed SR, smaller motor units

56
Q

type 2a muscle fiber

A

fast twitch oxydative

57
Q

type 2b muscle fiber

A

fast twitch glycolic

58
Q

type 2

A

fast twitch, higher peak tension, faster ATPase, more developed SR, larger motor units

59
Q

type 1 is RED because

A

more mitochondria, and more hemoglobin

60
Q

type 1

A

slow oxidative,
more mitochondria with Kreb’s,
less glycolytic enzymes,
peak tension in 110ms,
resist fatigue
slower ATPase, slower speed of contraction
slower Ca+2 release

61
Q

type 2 is white because

A

less mitochondria, and less hemoglobin

62
Q

type 2

A

about 25% of fibers in an average muscle
-fast glycolic fibers
-more glycolytic enzymes
-fewer mitochondria
-peak tension 50ms
-fatigues quicker
- more developed SR
-faster Ca+2 release
-larger motor units

63
Q

muscle fiber types and power

A
  1. motor neuron
  2. fiber size
  3. SR development
64
Q

endurance athlete

A

type 1

65
Q

power athlete and sprinters

A

type 2

66
Q

fast oxidative =

A

type 2a

67
Q

fast glycolytic

A

type 2b

68
Q

type 2a

A

faster fatigue
-more glycolytic that type 1 but less than 2x
-shorter high intensity endurance events

69
Q

type 2x

A

very glycolytic, few mitochondria,
-used for everyday activities
-explosive movements

70
Q

genetic factors

A

determines which motor neurons innervate fibers
- fibers become type 1, 2, 2x based on alpha motor neuron

71
Q

training factors

A

type 1s can rarely become type 2s and vice versa
-but they can become more like another

72
Q

all or none principle

A

when a motor neuron carries an AP to the muscle fibers, all or none of the fibers will be activated

73
Q

principle of orderly recruitment

A

Type 1, type 2a, type 2x
-your body will only recruit what your body needs

74
Q

size principle

A

the order of recruitment of motor units is directly related to the size of their motor neuron
-smaller motor units are recruited first

75
Q

if minimal force is needed, then only type ____ recruited

A

type 1

76
Q

if maximal force is needed, then ____ are recruited

A

ALL fiber types

77
Q

concentric contraction

A

muscle shortens while producing force
-sarcomeres shorten, filaments side toward the center
-maximal force development decreases at higher speeds

78
Q

eccentric contractions

A

muscle lengthens while producing force
-cross-bridges form but sarcomeres lengthens
-lowering heavyweight
-maximal force development increases at higher speeds

79
Q

twitch

A

single electrical impulse (AP)

80
Q

summation

A

a series of at least 3 successive stimuli before relaxation from the first

81
Q

tetanus

A

continued stimulation

82
Q

frequency of stimulation (rate coding)

A

twitch, summation, tetanus

83
Q

lengthen tension relationship

A

optimal sarcomere length =optimal over lap
too short or too stretch =little or no force develops

ex phis (13 decks)

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