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ex phis > Fuel for exercise > Flashcards

Fuel for exercise Flashcards

1
Q

substrates

A

something that enters a pathway
-carbohydrate, fat protein, glucose, fatty acids, amino acids

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2
Q

products

A

something that is made from the pathway
-use fuels to make energy - ATP

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3
Q

metabolism

A

chemical reactions in the body usually performed by enzymes

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4
Q

bioenergetics

A

process of converting substrates into energy
-converting fuels into stored energy (ATP)

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5
Q

fuel is a ____ and ATP is a ____

A

substrate; product

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6
Q

energy is ___ in the ___

A

stored in the phosphate bonds

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7
Q

ATP is ____energy

A

stored

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8
Q

when phosphate is dropped then we get energy

A

ATP–ADP–AMP

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9
Q

ATP =

A

ADP+ enegy+ Pi+ heat

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10
Q

1 calorie =

A

heat energy required to raise 1g of water from 14.5 c to 15.5 c

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11
Q

1 kcal (Calorie) =

A

heat energy required to raise 1 kg of water 1 C

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12
Q

substrates we convert to energy (ATP) using ___

A

bioenergetics

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13
Q

substrates we convert to energy (ATP) using bioenergetics

A

carbohydrates, starches, fatty acids, protein, amino acids
NOT fiber

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14
Q

Myosin

A

breaks bond (cross-bridges) between myosin head and actin-binding spots
-ATPase

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15
Q

Na+-K+ pump (within cell membranes like sarcolemma)

A

enabling RMP to return from repolarization
-ATPase

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16
Q

Ca2+ pumps (within sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) membrane)

A

SR “vacuums” up all sarcoplasm Ca2+
-otherwise, you wouldn’t be able to relax (lengthen) your sarcomeres (muscle)
-troponin and Ca presence
-ATPase

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17
Q

using fuel to make more ATP to continue muscle contraction

A

substrates

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18
Q

where are the bioenergetics pathways to make more ATP to continue muscle contraction

A

sarcoplasm -creatine, glycolysis
mitochondria - beta oxidative, krebs cycle

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19
Q

ATP is not energy, but it

A

stores energy

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20
Q

energy is stored in high-energy

A

phosphate bonds

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21
Q

Energy currency

A

ATP— ATPase–ADP (because of de-phosphorylation)–then phosphorylation to make it ATP again

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22
Q

breaking a high energy phosphate bond to release stored energy

A

de-phosphorylation of ATP

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23
Q

ATP+H20 =

A

ADP + pi + energy

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24
Q

hydrolysis is a

A

chemical reaction

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25
Q

ATPase releases energy from high energy

A

phosphate bonds

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26
Q

most common hydrolysis reaction

A

H20+ ATP + energy +pi +heat

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27
Q

absence of O2 =

A

substrate phosphorylation of ADP
-creatine
-glycolysis - PFK and PK enzymes
-Krebs cycle - SCS enzyme

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28
Q

presence of O2 =

A

oxidative phosphorylation

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29
Q

Electron transfer chain only uses

A

ATP synthase enzyme

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30
Q

three ATP synthesis pathways

A

-ATP-PCR system
-glycolytic system
-oxidative system

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31
Q

oxidative system (only ETC uses O2)

A
  1. beta-oxidation
  2. krebs cycle
  3. ETC
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32
Q

creatine is not consumed but

A

recycled to carry phosphates

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33
Q

phosphocreatine is used to re-make ATP from

A

ADP

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34
Q

carbohydrates have ___kcals per gram

A

4

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35
Q

glycogen stored in cyostol but in the muscle it is stored in

A

sarcoplasm

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36
Q

primary fuel for the nervous system

A

brain and nerves

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37
Q

fuel for RBC is

A

glycolysis

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38
Q

glycose is only substrate for

A

glycolysis

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39
Q

glucose comes from

A

blood, diet, liver glycogen
-locally from glycogen

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40
Q

fat kcal

A

9

41
Q

because oxidative pathways are slower

A

ATP demand has to be lower for slow supply to match

42
Q

lipolysis

A

breaking down lipids

43
Q

made in the mitochondria

A

beta oxidation, krebs, ETC

44
Q

beta oxidation

A

takes fatty acids and breaks it down to Acety-CoA

45
Q

Krebs cycle

A

converts ADP to ATP
-acetyl Coa — OAA

46
Q

ETC

A

oxidative phosphorylation

47
Q

low glycogen =

A

increase use of fat as fuel

48
Q

Protein kcal

A

4

49
Q

amounts of protein used

A

2-5% at rest – up to 8% during exercise

50
Q

all amino acids have to be ______ before bioenergetics

A

de-aminated

51
Q

amino acids in bioenergetics are

A

glucose, pyruvate, Acetyl-CoA

52
Q

pyruvate and lactate are

A

carbohydrates

53
Q

pyruvate in first converted back in the ___ then ___

A

tissues and then mitochandria

54
Q

pyruvate can be converted back to glucose in ___

A

glucogenesis

55
Q

mass action effect

A

substrate availability affects enzyme activity
-more available substrate = higher pathway activity

56
Q

real limiting enzymes

A

pathways can only produce as much product as the slowest enzyme

57
Q

glycolytic RLE

A

hexokinase -HK
phosphofructokinase - PFK
Pyruvate Kinase - PK
-these dictate how much ATP is made

58
Q

if RLE’s are stimulated

A

more atp is made

59
Q

if RLE’s are inhibited

A

less ATP is made

60
Q

controlling bioenergetics through

A

negative feedback loops

61
Q

substrate level phosphorylation

A

krebs cycle and beta-oxidation

62
Q

where do you make ATP PCr system

A

sarcoplasm with substrate PCr

63
Q

glycolytic pathway

A

sarcoplasm with substrate glucose

64
Q

oxidative pathway

A

mitochondria with substrate Acetyl CoA and RE
-includes beta-oxidation, krebs cycle, ETC

65
Q

PCr energy can be used to

A

reassemble ATP

65
Q

PCr energy can be used to

A

reassemble ATP

66
Q

phosphocreatine (PCr)

A

Atp recycling

67
Q

Ck activity dictates the

A

rate of ATP production

68
Q

when ATP levels are down

A

ADP LEVELS ARE UP AND CK IS UP

69
Q

when ATP levels are up

A

CK activity is down

70
Q

low intensity: ATP levels dont drop much, so CK activity

A

is low

71
Q

high intensity: ATP level drop quite a bit, so CK activity

A

is high

72
Q

fast pathway: glycolysis

A

reliant on glucose availability
-found in the sarcoplasm
-no O2

73
Q

how much ATP produced for 1 glucose

A

2-3 ATP

74
Q

glycolysis catabolizes glucose to

A

pyruvate
-1 glucose = 2 pyrvuate

75
Q

ATP yield for glycolysis

A

2 ATP/ 1 mol glucose in blood
3 ATP glucose from glycogen
-lasts for as long as glucose is available

76
Q

glucose carbon number

A

6

77
Q

1st step of glycolysis

A

phosphorylate glucose
-requires phosphorylate from the hydrolysis of ATP and ADP
-blood glucose to glucose 6-phosphate = hexokinase
+burn 1 ATP for this step

78
Q

1st step of glycolysis continued

A

glycogen glucose turns into glucose 6 phosphate

79
Q

3rd step of glycolysis

A

phosphorylate glucose again (requires phosphate from the hydrolysis of ATP and ADP)

80
Q

3rd step of glycolysis continued

A

fructose 6 phosphate into fructose 1, 6 diphosphates (added phosphate to fructose carbon1)
-1 phosphate to the position of glucose
= phosphofructokinase (PFK)
-burn 1 ATP for this step

81
Q

4th step of glycolysis

A

6 molecule broken up into 2, 3-carbon molecules
-Aldolase

82
Q

pyruvate and lactate are

A

3 carbon molecule

83
Q

step 6 of glycolysis

A

requires NAD+
add phosphate to the 1 position of phosphoglyceraldhyde = 1, dis phosphoglycerate

84
Q

glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate

A

dehydrogenase
-results in NADH or FADH2

85
Q

NADH is produced and it goes to the

A

ETC in mitochondria

86
Q

7th step of glycolysis

A

is to de-phosphorylate 1,3 Diphosphoglycerate
-requires ADP
-phosphate from 1 position is transferred to ADP
-phosphoglycerate Kinase (PK)

87
Q

step 10 of glycolysis

A

is to dephosphorylate PEP
-phosphate from PEP is transferred to ADP
-second ATP produced

88
Q

substrates of glycolysis

A
  1. glucose or glucose 1 phosphate
  2. ATP
  3. ADP
  4. NAD+
89
Q

products of glycolysis

A
  1. ATP
  2. ADP
  3. NADH
  4. pyruvate (lactate)
90
Q

controlling glycolysis - rate-limiting enzymes

A

-PFK
-HK
-PK

91
Q

controlling glycolysis - negative feedback

A

inhibited by ATP citrate (slow glycolysis down)
activated by ADP and insulin - speed glycolysis up

92
Q

ATP producing enzymes end in

A

kinase

93
Q

incomplete oxidation of glucose

A

end product =pryuvate and lactate

94
Q

complete oxidation of glucose

A

end product = pyruvate to the mitochondria
then to Acetyl-CoA and into krebs cycle

95
Q

redction reaction

A

gaining electrons (signified to us by gaining H+)

96
Q

oxidation reaction

A

losing electrons. (signified by losing H+)

97
Q

oil rig

A

o= ox
i= is
l= losing H

r-red
i=is
g=gaining H

ex phis (13 decks)

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