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ex phis > neuron transmitters > Flashcards

neuron transmitters Flashcards

1
Q

central nervous system

A

brain and spinal cord

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2
Q

peripheral nervous system

A

sensory (afferent) and motor (efferent)

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3
Q

afferent

A

arrives at the central nervous system

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4
Q

efferent

A

exit the central nervous system
-motor: outgoing
-effect treatment

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5
Q

autonomic

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic
-involuntary to viscera

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6
Q

somatic

A

voluntary to skeletal muscles
alpha motor neuron

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7
Q

sympathetic

A

stress
fight or flight

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8
Q

parasympathetic

A

peace
rest and digest

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9
Q

neuron

A

the basic structural unit of the nervous system

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10
Q

3 autonomical regions of a neuron

A

dendrites, cell body, axon

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11
Q

axon terminals

A

NMJ (ach is released here)

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12
Q

dendrites

A

receivers
-beginning of neuron

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13
Q

cell body

A

contains nucleus
-cell processes radiate out

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14
Q

axon

A

axon terminals
-senders/ transmitters
end of neuron

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15
Q

motor neuron (efferent, somatic)

A

dendrites (spinal cord) cell body (soma) axon (spinal cord), axon terminals (NMJ)

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16
Q

NMJ formation

A
  1. motor neuron axon
  2. axon terminal
  3. synapse
  4. motor end plate
  5. sarcolemma
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17
Q

motor end plate

A

receives ach
-initiates an AP

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18
Q

ICF

A

greater amounts of potassium than sodium

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19
Q

ECF

A

greater amounts of sodium than potassium

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20
Q

resting membrane potential

A

the difference in electrical between outside and inside of cell (polaried)
- more positive charges (Na + & K+) in ECF)

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21
Q

what means it is polarized

A

-70 mV

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22
Q

what causes the resting membrane potential

A

caused by the uneven separation of positively charged ions

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23
Q

at rest, K and NA channels allow more K outside and combined with Na already there, big (+) charge _____

A

relative to the inside (-70 mV)

24
Q

how is RMP maintained

A

greater membrane K+ permeability
-K+ channels are open at rest allowing it to leak out causing a higher (+) charge outside than inside

25
Q

how is RMP maintained?

A

greater membrane K+ permeability
-K+ channels are open at rest allowing it to leak out causing a higher (+) charge outside than inside

26
Q

Na+ channels are ____ open at rest

A

NOT
-these channels allow more K+ outside and combined with Na+ already there, big + charge relative to inside

27
Q

sodium-potassium pump

A

3 Na+ OUT of cell for every 2 K+ INTO the cell
-uses ATPase to perform job

28
Q

what is the most active in bringing re-polarized cell back to RMP

A

sodium-potassium pump

29
Q

polarization

A

changes in membrane permeability to Na and K+
rmp = -70mV

30
Q

depolarization

A

to get the muscle contraction

31
Q

characteristics of depolarization

A

More Na+ channels open
-greater + charge collecting in ICF
-relative difference between ECF and ICF becomes increasingly less negative and then positive

32
Q

-70 mV —- 0 mV —- +20 mV

A

depolarization

33
Q

threshold of _____ must be reached for

A

-55 for action potential to happen

34
Q

hyperdepolarization

A

more K channels open
-greater (+) charge collecting in ECF
-relative difference between ECF and ICF increasingly negative

35
Q

polarized membrane =

A

Na+ inside cell and K+ outside of cell (-70)

36
Q

repolarization membrane

A

k+ outside of the cell and Na+ inside of the cell (-70)

37
Q

neural impulse order

A

polarized membrane (-70) to -55 to + number depolarization threshold (Na+ rushes in then K+ begin to open) repolarization (back to threshold then K+ channels close, then hyperpolarization

38
Q

graded potential

A

A change in the electrical potential on the membrane of an excitable cell (e.g. a nerve cell) in response to a stimulus, and where the magnitude of change is proportional to the strength of the stimulus

39
Q

-70 to -55 mV: depolarizing GP, =

A

Na+ influx

40
Q

-55 to +30 mV: depolarizing AP,

A

Na+ influx

41
Q

after repolarization K+ and Na+ have to be re-distributed

A

Na+ - K+ pump

42
Q

how do we get back from repolarized to RMP

A

have to get K+ back into ICF and Na+ into ECF

43
Q

absolute refractory period

A

-during depolarization
-neuron unable to respond to another stimulus
-Na+ channels already open

44
Q

relative refractory period

A

during repolarization
-neuron responds only to very strong stimulus
-K+ channels open (Na+ closed)

45
Q

speed of propagation down an axon is due to

A
  1. myelin - fatty sheath around an axon (Schwann cells)
  2. axon diameter = larger =faster
46
Q

axon diameter

A

type 11x is the largest
type 11a is moderate
type 1 is smallest

47
Q

pre-synaptic cell = motor neuron

A

ap arrives at axon terminal
ap causes influx voltage-gated Ca+ channels to open
Ca+ accumulates in ICF causing ACH efflux

48
Q

Postsynaptic cell = muscle fiber

A

ach binds to the receptor at the motor end plate
causes depolarization
ap moves along plasmalemma
down tubules
repolarization of plasmalemma
return to RMP of plasmalemma

49
Q

atp is used in 3 different ways during muscular contraction

A
  1. myosin
  2. Na+ K+ pump
  3. SR and Ca+ pump
50
Q

mechanisms size and strength

A

increase in muscle size and altered neural control

51
Q

neural factors affecting the strength (SCARR)

A
  1. synchronizing of motor units
  2. coactivation of agonist and antagonist muscles
  3. autogenic inhibitions
  4. recruitment of motor units
  5. rate coding of motor units
52
Q

synchronizing of motor units

A

may allow strength gains

53
Q

coactivation of agonist and antagonist muscle

A

reduced coactivation may lead to strength gains

54
Q

autogenic inhibitions

A

reflex inhibition of a motor neuron in repone to excessive tension in the muscle fiber supplies
-can override in emergency

55
Q

recruitment

A

more motor units are recruited due to increased neural drive to alpha motor neuron

ex phis (13 decks)

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