Quiz 5 lecture Material

Question 1

Barriers to the sperm in the Female reproductive tract

Answer 1

Filtration selection due to cervical mucus
Endometrial glands
Uterotubal junction

Question 2

Reservoirs of sperm in the Female reproductive tract

Answer 2

Cervical crypts
Isthmus

Question 3

What is the site of fertilization

Answer 3

Ampullary-Isthmus Junction

Question 4

Where is the sperm placed in the female tract in bovine

Answer 4

in the vagina

Question 5

Describe the path of sperm through the female reproductive tract

Answer 5

Immediate transport-into the vagina
Cervix
Uterus
Oviduct
Fertilization at ampullary-isthmus junction

Question 6

Where does the sperm become capacitated

Answer 6

starts in the uterus
complete in oviduct

Question 7

Why do we place semen in the uterus when AIing a cow

Answer 7

volume is less in AI
better pregnancy rate if it is passed through the cervix

Question 8

Describe the path of the egg toward fertilization

Answer 8

released from a ruptured follicle
infundibulum catches the egg
Ampulla has cillia and muscle to move the egg
Isthmus is narrow to keep the egg in place and ready for fertilization

Question 9

Sperm can live for how long in a female tract

Answer 9

2 days on average

Question 10

Eggs live how long in the female tract after being ovulated

Answer 10

8-12 hours

Question 11

Important events in fertilization

Answer 11

capacitation of sperm
sperm penetration between cumulus cells
sperm attachment to zona pellucida
sperm penetration to Zona pellucida
fusion of sperm and oocyte membranes

Question 12

explain the process of capacitation

Answer 12

Sperm are made with surface molecules
when joined with seminal plasma-glycoprotein coating that protects the sperm as it goes through the tract
coating and surface molecules are removed in the tract, exposing portions of the molecules that can bind to the Zona pellucida of the oocyte

Question 13

oviduct binding occurs where

Answer 13

Isthmus

Question 14

What is oviduct binding

Answer 14

sperm that is not capacitated gets stuck in the isthmus due to binding to the epithelium

Question 15

sperm must first do what to then penetrate the zona pellucida

Answer 15

attach to it

Question 16

What is the Zona pellucida protein that binds to a receptor on the sperm plasma membrane and induces the acrosome reaction

Answer 16

ZP-3
KNOW THIS!!!!!

Question 17

Explain the acrosome reaction

Answer 17

the sperm binds to the zona pellucida which activates the acrosome reaction
plasma membrane and outer acrosomal membrane fuse
Form vesicles from which enzymes are released
At the end
- plasma membrane is gone
- equatorial segment remains

Question 18

What is left on the sperm after the acrosomal reaction

Answer 18

equatorial segment

Question 19

What can be seen once a sperm has passed through the zona pellucida

Answer 19

vesicles will be left in the path

Question 20

What happens during the fusion of gamete membranes

Answer 20

sperm penetration of vitelline membrane
formation of pronuclei
syngamy

Question 21

Vitelline membrane

Answer 21

plasma membrane of the oocyte
- what the equatorial segment of the sperm will bind to

Question 22

Syngamy

Answer 22

when the female and male pronucleus meet
Haploid+haploid to form DNA of embryo

Question 23

Receptor protein on the sperm on the vitelline membrane

Answer 23

Izumo

Question 24

Protein from the egg used to bind to the sperm

Answer 24

Juno

Question 25

If Izumo is knocked out what is observed

Answer 25

sperm can penetrate the zona pellucida but cannot fuse with the vitelline membrane

Question 26

Steps to fertilization

Answer 26

Hyperactive motility binding to zona pellucida acrosome reaction penetration of zona pellucida sperm-oocyte membrane fusion release of 2nd polar body sperm engulfed condensation of sperm nucleus formation of male and female pronucleus

Question 27

Important events during early embryonic development and placentation

Answer 27

zygote to blastocyst stage blastocyst formation and hatching gastrulation formation of extraembryonic membranes maternal recognition of pregnancy placental growth and function

Question 28

All cell divisions of the embryo are

Answer 28

mitotic smaller cell size with each cleavage division

Question 29

cells in the embryo

Answer 29

blastomere

Question 30

When can you separate Blastomere to get twins

Answer 30

two cell stage

Question 31

When can you fuse two to form a chimera

Answer 31

morula stage

Question 32

What day does the fertilized egg move into the uterus

Answer 32

day 5 almost at morula stage

Question 33

Stages of the embryo

Answer 33

one cell two cell four cell eight cell sixteen cell morula tight morula early blastocyst blastocyst expanded blastocyst hatching blastocyst

Question 34

Where does implantation occur

Answer 34

uterus

Question 35

compaction of blastomeres results in

Answer 35

sealing so blastocyst formation is possible

Question 36

How can you tell when the embryo is a blastocyst

Answer 36

fluid will be present

Question 37

What is the fluid in a blastocyst called

Answer 37

blastocoel

Question 38

What are the cells surrounding the outside of the blastocyst called

Answer 38

trophoblast eventually forms the placenta

Question 39

What are the cells that will later form the embryo

Answer 39

inner cell mass

Question 40

Where does the fluid in a blastocyst come from

Answer 40

bonds are built and sodium is pushed in to the area water follows high sodium concentrations

Question 41

What did Hans Adolf Eduard Driesch do

Answer 41

cut embryos from sea urchins to produce identical twins

Question 42

What did Hans Spemann do

Answer 42

split dividing cells with a baby hair and resulted in two identical twins

Question 43

How does the egg stop polyspermy

Answer 43

through the cortical reaction

Question 44

What is polyspermy

Answer 44

fertilization by more than one sperm will kill the egg

Question 45

Describe the cortical reaction

Answer 45

sperm binds to the membrane stimulates the release of calcium ions stimulates release of cortical granules that go to the membrane surface and release enzymes that degrade the receptors there with no receptors no other sperm can bind to the membrane and break through

Question 46

What enzyme helps the sperm penetrate the cumulus cells

Answer 46

hyaluronidase enzyme