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Repro Phys > Quiz 5 lecture Material > Flashcards

Quiz 5 lecture Material Flashcards

1
Q

Barriers to the sperm in the Female reproductive tract

A

Filtration selection due to cervical mucus
Endometrial glands
Uterotubal junction

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2
Q

Reservoirs of sperm in the Female reproductive tract

A

Cervical crypts
Isthmus

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3
Q

What is the site of fertilization

A

Ampullary-Isthmus Junction

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4
Q

Where is the sperm placed in the female tract in bovine

A

in the vagina

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5
Q

Describe the path of sperm through the female reproductive tract

A

Immediate transport-into the vagina
Cervix
Uterus
Oviduct
Fertilization at ampullary-isthmus junction

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6
Q

Where does the sperm become capacitated

A

starts in the uterus
complete in oviduct

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7
Q

Why do we place semen in the uterus when AIing a cow

A

volume is less in AI
better pregnancy rate if it is passed through the cervix

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8
Q

Describe the path of the egg toward fertilization

A

released from a ruptured follicle
infundibulum catches the egg
Ampulla has cillia and muscle to move the egg
Isthmus is narrow to keep the egg in place and ready for fertilization

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9
Q

Sperm can live for how long in a female tract

A

2 days on average

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10
Q

Eggs live how long in the female tract after being ovulated

A

8-12 hours

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11
Q

Important events in fertilization

A

capacitation of sperm
sperm penetration between cumulus cells
sperm attachment to zona pellucida
sperm penetration to Zona pellucida
fusion of sperm and oocyte membranes

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12
Q

explain the process of capacitation

A

Sperm are made with surface molecules
when joined with seminal plasma-glycoprotein coating that protects the sperm as it goes through the tract
coating and surface molecules are removed in the tract, exposing portions of the molecules that can bind to the Zona pellucida of the oocyte

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13
Q

oviduct binding occurs where

A

Isthmus

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14
Q

What is oviduct binding

A

sperm that is not capacitated gets stuck in the isthmus due to binding to the epithelium

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15
Q

sperm must first do what to then penetrate the zona pellucida

A

attach to it

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16
Q

What is the Zona pellucida protein that binds to a receptor on the sperm plasma membrane and induces the acrosome reaction

A

ZP-3
KNOW THIS!!!!!

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17
Q

Explain the acrosome reaction

A

the sperm binds to the zona pellucida which activates the acrosome reaction
plasma membrane and outer acrosomal membrane fuse
Form vesicles from which enzymes are released
At the end
- plasma membrane is gone
- equatorial segment remains

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18
Q

What is left on the sperm after the acrosomal reaction

A

equatorial segment

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19
Q

What can be seen once a sperm has passed through the zona pellucida

A

vesicles will be left in the path

20
Q

What happens during the fusion of gamete membranes

A

sperm penetration of vitelline membrane
formation of pronuclei
syngamy

21
Q

Vitelline membrane

A

plasma membrane of the oocyte
- what the equatorial segment of the sperm will bind to

22
Q

Syngamy

A

when the female and male pronucleus meet
Haploid+haploid to form DNA of embryo

23
Q

Receptor protein on the sperm on the vitelline membrane

A

Izumo

24
Q

Protein from the egg used to bind to the sperm

A

Juno

25
Q

If Izumo is knocked out what is observed

A

sperm can penetrate the zona pellucida but cannot fuse with the vitelline membrane

26
Q

Steps to fertilization

A

Hyperactive motility
binding to zona pellucida
acrosome reaction
penetration of zona pellucida
sperm-oocyte membrane fusion
release of 2nd polar body
sperm engulfed
condensation of sperm nucleus
formation of male and female pronucleus

27
Q

Important events during early embryonic development and placentation

A

zygote to blastocyst stage
blastocyst formation and hatching
gastrulation
formation of extraembryonic membranes
maternal recognition of pregnancy
placental growth and function

28
Q

All cell divisions of the embryo are

A

mitotic
smaller cell size with each cleavage division

29
Q

cells in the embryo

A

blastomere

30
Q

When can you separate Blastomere to get twins

A

two cell stage

31
Q

When can you fuse two to form a chimera

A

morula stage

32
Q

What day does the fertilized egg move into the uterus

A

day 5
almost at morula stage

33
Q

Stages of the embryo

A

one cell
two cell
four cell
eight cell
sixteen cell
morula
tight morula
early blastocyst
blastocyst
expanded blastocyst
hatching blastocyst

34
Q

Where does implantation occur

A

uterus

35
Q

compaction of blastomeres results in

A

sealing so blastocyst formation is possible

36
Q

How can you tell when the embryo is a blastocyst

A

fluid will be present

37
Q

What is the fluid in a blastocyst called

A

blastocoel

38
Q

What are the cells surrounding the outside of the blastocyst called

A

trophoblast
eventually forms the placenta

39
Q

What are the cells that will later form the embryo

A

inner cell mass

40
Q

Where does the fluid in a blastocyst come from

A

bonds are built and sodium is pushed in to the area
water follows high sodium concentrations

41
Q

What did Hans Adolf Eduard Driesch do

A

cut embryos from sea urchins to produce identical twins

42
Q

What did Hans Spemann do

A

split dividing cells with a baby hair and resulted in two identical twins

43
Q

How does the egg stop polyspermy

A

through the cortical reaction

44
Q

What is polyspermy

A

fertilization by more than one sperm
will kill the egg

45
Q

Describe the cortical reaction

A

sperm binds to the membrane
stimulates the release of calcium ions
stimulates release of cortical granules that go to the membrane surface and release enzymes that degrade the receptors there
with no receptors no other sperm can bind to the membrane and break through

46
Q

What enzyme helps the sperm penetrate the cumulus cells

A

hyaluronidase enzyme

Repro Phys (16 decks)

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