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Repro Phys > Quiz 2 Lecture Material > Flashcards

Quiz 2 Lecture Material Flashcards

1
Q

Sex determination in mammals

A

XX or XY

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2
Q

What gene determines male or female

A

Sex-determining region Y
SRY gene
y linked- only found on Y chromosome

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3
Q

XXY

A

Klinefelter’s syndrome
sterile- testicular hypoplasia

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4
Q

XO

A

Turner’s syndrome
sterile- inactive ovaries

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5
Q

Why is only one X expressed in females

A

one is inactivated to prevent too many proteins

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6
Q

The sequence of development of the reproductive system

A

Indifferent stage
development of gonads
development of the tubular reproductive tract
development of external genitalia
sexual development of the brain

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7
Q

Indifferent stage

A

bipotential gonad
has the potential to be either

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8
Q

Gonads by default will go towards the

A

ovary
female tract
female genitalia

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9
Q

genital ridge

A

structure in the embryo that develops into gonads

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10
Q

Wilms Tumor gene

A

suppresses steroidogenic factor 1 to avoid the development of steroidogenic cells instead of supporting cells

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11
Q

Steroidogenic factor

A

when not inhibited will create steroidogenic cells
- cells that produce gametes and hormones

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12
Q

What causes the development of gonads

A

migration of primordial germ cells from the yolk sac to the genital ridge

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13
Q

How does SRY gene differentiate the gonad

A

SRY leads to the Soc9 transcription factor that codes for Sertoli cell formation
– makes testis

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14
Q

The job of Sertoli cells

A

support of spermatogenesis- making sperm cells

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15
Q

Development of tubular male reproductive tract

A

Testes produce testosterone which stimulates the growth of the wolfian ducts
and Antimullerian hormone which inhibits the growth of the mullerian (female) tract

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16
Q

Development of tubular female reproductive tract

A

default
- no testosterone or antimullerian= female

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17
Q

Cryptorchidism is when

A

one or two testes stay tucked up near the abdomen
if they stay there too long then the testes will degrade- sterile

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18
Q

What ligament connects the testicle to the scrotum and shrinks so the testicles can descend

A

gubernaculum ligament

19
Q

Three genitalia origins

A

genitial tubercle
genitial fold
genitial swelling

20
Q

From the genitial tubercle what develops

A

penis
clit

21
Q

From the genitial fold what develops

A

prepuce
vulva (inner)

22
Q

From the genitial swelling, what develops

A

scrotum
vulva (outer)

23
Q

Male genital differentiation is reliant on what hormone

A

5 alpha Dihydrotestosterone

24
Q

How is 5 alpha dihydrotestosterone made

A

from testosterone
enzyme used is 5 alpha-reductase

25
Q

Why do we get free martins in cows

A

the male and female fetus share a placenta which allows testosterone and antimullerian hormone to flow to the female- often making her infertile

26
Q

by default the brain will go to which side

A

female

27
Q

What makes the brain go to the male side

A

testosterone is small enough to pass the blood-brain barrier
turned into estrogen by aromatase in the brain
estrogen leads to male

28
Q

what makes the brain develop into the female side

A

Alpha-fetoprotein binds to estrogen
it can’t go into the brain because it is too big

29
Q

where is alpha-fetoprotein produced

A

in the fetal liver

30
Q

What happens in testicular feminization

A

Genotype- XY
Gonads- Testis
Repro Hormones- Testosterone and antimullerian hormone but no testosterone receptors
tubular tract- no male or female tract
External genitalia- female
Brain- Male

31
Q

What happens in androgenital Syndrome

A

Genotype- XX
Gonads- ovaries
Reproductive Hormones- testosterone
Tubular tract- male and female
external genitalia- male
brains- male

32
Q

what happens in Persistent Mullerian Duct

A

Genotype- XY
Gonads- Testes
Reproductive Hormones- Testosterone but no Anitmullerian hormone
tubular tract- male and female
external genitalia- male
brain- male

33
Q

What happens in ‘penis at twelve’ syndrome

A

Genotype- XY
gonads- testes
reproductive hormone- testosterone and Antimullerian hormone but no alpha reductase enzyme activity
tubular tract- male
external genitalia- female at birth; male at puberty
brain- male

34
Q

Male anatomy exocrine function

A

spermatozoa

35
Q

Male anatomy endocrine function

A

testosterone (Leydig cells)

36
Q

How is sperm produced/ moved

A

produced in the lobule of the testis
moves to tubules
rete tubules at center
efferent tubules at head of epidydimis
to the body of epididymis then tail
stored in the tail
vas deferens then ejaculated

37
Q

How is sperm made in the lobule

A

produced by one cell at the edge
goes towards the lumen and differentiated
complete sperm at lumen
goes into rete testis

38
Q

How can a male be fertile for their entire life but females are not

A

females have a limited number of eggs
Males have a cell that makes sperm called type A spermatogonium that will split into two B spermatogonium and one will become the A type to replenish the cycle

39
Q

what do leydig cells do

A

make testosterone

40
Q

How are the testicles thermoregulated

A

Scrotum
Dartos muscle
Cremaster muscle
Pampiniform plexus

41
Q

How does the scrotum thermoregulate the testicles

A

moves the testicles away from the body and contains nerve cells that connect to the brain

42
Q

How does the tunica Dartos muscle thermoregulate testicles

A

lines the scrotum from inside
cold- shrivels to maintain heat
hot- relaxes to increase surface area

43
Q

How does the cremaster muscle thermoregulate the testicles

A

connects the testicle to the inguinal canal
brings testicle closer or farther away from the body

44
Q

How does the pampiniform plexus help thermoregulate the testicles

A

arterial blood is hot when entering the testicles so it is covered by the plexis filled with cooler blood returning
cools the arterial blood

Repro Phys (10 decks)

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