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Repro Phys > Quiz 1 Vocabulary > Flashcards

Quiz 1 Vocabulary Flashcards

1
Q

The _______ consists of a lipid bilayer that is interspersed with proteins. Some of these proteins serve as receptors for hormones and can move within the membrane. The membrane forms the boundary of the cell and regulates the entry and exit of substances

A

Cell (plasma) membrane

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2
Q

An important cytoskeleton organizer that is composed of two centrioles and helps with transport through the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus. The centrioles separate at mitosis and aid in the formation of the mitotic spindle

A

Centrosome

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3
Q

The part of the cell’s nuclear substance which forms the most conspicuous part of the nuclear network; it includes the chromosomes, and stains deeply with certain types of dyes

A

Chromatin

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4
Q

generally consists of proteins that provide a dynamic structural framework for the cell and can effect cell shape, locomotion, intracellular transport, and gene expression

A

Cytoskeleton

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5
Q

The endoplasmic reticulum is defined as the rough or smooth ER. The RER contains ribosomes which serve as the location for protein synthesis; whereas, the SER has an important role in steroidogenesis. In general, the ER is involved in the segregation, storage, and transport of various cellular products

A

Endoplasmic membrane

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6
Q

Consists of an intricate meshwork of proteins and polysaccharide molecules that is located in the extracellular space. _____ is dynamic and provides structural support as well as being reservoir for a number of biologically important molecules

A

Extracellular matrix

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7
Q

Total amount of genetic information in a complete set of chromosomes

A

genome

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8
Q

this cellular organelle has an important role in the packaging and secretion of proteins

A

Golgi apparatus

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9
Q

These organelles serve as an intracellular digestive system that breaks down products that may originate inside or outside the cell

A

Lysosomes

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10
Q

Serve as the source of energy (ATP) production of the cell. Also contain a small amount of extra-genomic DNA (maternally contributed)

A

Mitochondria

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11
Q

Structures are the components of the cytoskeleton which provide structural support for a cell. The cytoskeleton is connected to the nuclear matrix and the extracellular matrix.

A

Microtubules and microfilaments

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12
Q

Contains chromosomes and is the site of almost all DNA replication and RNA synthesis. Following transcriptions mRNA is transported ou tof the nucleus and translated by ribosomes.

A

nucleus

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13
Q

Is a sub organelle located in the nucleus and is involved in the production and assembly of the components of ribosomes

A

Nucleolus

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14
Q

an oval sac lined with epithelial cells and having a lumen

A

Alveolus

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15
Q

Minute, hairlike process attached to the luminal surface of certain cells

A

Cilium

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16
Q

A tube or canal that carries fluid or secretions from a gland

A

duct

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17
Q

the tissue covering the external and internal surfaces of the body, including the linings of vessels and cavitties.

A

Epithelium

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18
Q

The description of an epithelium is based on the

A

number of cell layers (simple or stratified)
and the shape of the cells (squamous, cubodial, or columnar)

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19
Q

Hollow center of a tubular organ

A

lumen

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20
Q

includes an epithelial lining, the underlying connective tissue and underlying glands if present

A

mucosa

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21
Q

layers of smooth muscle which normally consist of an inner circular layer and an outer longitudinal layer

A

Muscularis

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22
Q

outside coverings of a connective tissue. Present on organs that are within the body cavity

A

Serosa

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23
Q

refers to a single layer of epithelial cells

A

simple

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24
Q

plate-like cells that resemble scales

A

squamous

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25
Q

refers to more than one layer of epithelial cells

A

stratified

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26
Q

A methylated guanine residue added to the 5’ (beginning) end of the mature mRNA transcript during mRNA processing. Important for export of the transcript from the nucleus, increasing the half life o the transcript, and in promoting translation.

A

5’ Cap

27
Q

Protein coding region of a gene, represented in the mature mRNA transcript

A

Exon

28
Q

A DNA sequence that binds to a hormone-stimulated transcription factor to alter the rate of transcription of a proximal gene. Specific examples are: ERE (estrogen response element), PRE (progesterone response element), GRE (glucocorticoid response element)

A

HRE (hormone response element)

29
Q

The portion of a gene that is transcribed from the primary mRNA transcript (pre-mRNA) but is removed by splicing during processing into the mature mRNA transcript, does not encode the protein

A

Intron

30
Q

DNA sequence to which the transcription apparatus (RNA pol) binds to initiate transcription

A

Promoter

31
Q

Addition of a poly A tail to the 3’ end of mature mRNA during processing

A

polyadenylation

32
Q

Purpose of the poly A tail

A

aids in termination of translation
affects the stability of the mature mRNA transcript
assists with export of the mature transcript from the nucleus
is important for translation

33
Q

Generic term for a DNA sequence that serves as a binding site for a transcription factor and has a role in regulating the rate of transcription of a proximal gene

A

RE (regulatory Element)

34
Q

An enzyme that transcribes pre-mRNA from a DNA template; is recruited (or blocked) by transcription factors to the promoter

A

RNA polymerase (RNA pol)

35
Q

Transfer of information from a segment of double stranded DNA (gene) to a single strand of messenger RNA

A

Transcription

36
Q

A protein that can regulate the rate of transcription of a gene by interacting with a DNA sequence that may or may not be near the gene

A

Transcription Factor (TF)

37
Q

Translation of the nucleotide sequence of a messenger RNA molecule to the amino acid sequence of a protein

A

Translation (protein synthesis)

38
Q

The region of mRNA still present in mature mRNA that is not translated into protein (upstream of the start codon= 5’ UTR, downstream of the stop codon= 3’ UTR)

A

Untranslated region (UTR)

39
Q

Major limitations to reproductive efficiency

A

Failure to show heat at the start of the breeding season
early embryonic mortality— repeat breeder

40
Q

Types of reproductive Processes

A

Oviparus
Viviparus
Ovoviviparus

41
Q

Oviparus

A

female lays eggs which hatch outside of the body

42
Q

Viviparus

A

give birth to live young which are nurished by contact between placenta and uterus

43
Q

ovoviviparous

A

give birth to live young that hatch from eggs inside of the body

44
Q

Example of Oviparous animal

A

Birds, reptiles, amphibians and fish

45
Q

Example of viviparous animal

A

mammals

46
Q

Example of ovoviviparous animal

A

certain sharks, snakes, lizards and amphibians

47
Q

Induced ovulation

A

only after mating does ovulation occur
-needs stimulation before they can ovulate

48
Q

What animals use induced ovulation

A

cats, rabbits, camels

49
Q

Spontaneous ovulation

A

ovulation happens every cycle without mating or without

50
Q

Sperm can live inside the female repro tract for how long

A

1-2 days

51
Q

Animals that have spontaneous ovulation

A

cow, human, horse, rodent

52
Q

What gives the sign of heat

A

the rise of estrogen that comes from the mature ovarian follicle

53
Q

Delayed fertilization is only in

A

bats

54
Q

delayed fertilization

A

can keep the sperm alive for months and fertilize the egg after hibernation

55
Q

Delayed development

A

after fertilization at the blastocyte stage, rate of development is slowed down

56
Q

Delayed implantation is also known as

A

embryonic diapause

57
Q

Delayed implantation

A

animals need energy for hibernation so they delay implantation (step after blastocyte)
embryo is still there just not implanted

58
Q

what are the two types of delayed implantation

A

obligate
facultative

59
Q

Obligate implantation

A

implants everytime
process is just delayed

60
Q

Examples of animals with obligate implantation

A

badger, mink, bear, elephant seal, skunk, roe deer, armadillo, bat

61
Q

Faculative implantation

A

may or may not implant

62
Q

Examples of animals that use faculative implantation

A

mouse, rat, mole, gerbil, weasel, kangroo, wallaby

63
Q

How does an animal with facuolative implantation decide to implant or not

A

second wave of estrogen is needed to signal implantation
prolactin prevents estrogen
if an animal is still lactating they will not implant

Repro Phys (10 decks)

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