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Repro Phys > Quiz 1 Vocabulary > Flashcards

Quiz 1 Vocabulary Flashcards

1
Q

The _______ consists of a lipid bilayer that is interspersed with proteins. Some of these proteins serve as receptors for hormones and can move within the membrane. The membrane forms the boundary of the cell and regulates the entry and exit of substances

A

Cell (plasma) membrane

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2
Q

An important cytoskeleton organizer that is composed of two centrioles and helps with transport through the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus. The centrioles separate at mitosis and aid in the formation of the mitotic spindle

A

Centrosome

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3
Q

The part of the cell’s nuclear substance which forms the most conspicuous part of the nuclear network; it includes the chromosomes, and stains deeply with certain types of dyes

A

Chromatin

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4
Q

generally consists of proteins that provide a dynamic structural framework for the cell and can effect cell shape, locomotion, intracellular transport, and gene expression

A

Cytoskeleton

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5
Q

The endoplasmic reticulum is defined as the rough or smooth ER. The RER contains ribosomes which serve as the location for protein synthesis; whereas, the SER has an important role in steroidogenesis. In general, the ER is involved in the segregation, storage, and transport of various cellular products

A

Endoplasmic membrane

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6
Q

Consists of an intricate meshwork of proteins and polysaccharide molecules that is located in the extracellular space. _____ is dynamic and provides structural support as well as being reservoir for a number of biologically important molecules

A

Extracellular matrix

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7
Q

Total amount of genetic information in a complete set of chromosomes

A

genome

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8
Q

this cellular organelle has an important role in the packaging and secretion of proteins

A

Golgi apparatus

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9
Q

These organelles serve as an intracellular digestive system that breaks down products that may originate inside or outside the cell

A

Lysosomes

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10
Q

Serve as the source of energy (ATP) production of the cell. Also contain a small amount of extra-genomic DNA (maternally contributed)

A

Mitochondria

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11
Q

Structures are the components of the cytoskeleton which provide structural support for a cell. The cytoskeleton is connected to the nuclear matrix and the extracellular matrix.

A

Microtubules and microfilaments

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12
Q

Contains chromosomes and is the site of almost all DNA replication and RNA synthesis. Following transcriptions mRNA is transported ou tof the nucleus and translated by ribosomes.

A

nucleus

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13
Q

Is a sub organelle located in the nucleus and is involved in the production and assembly of the components of ribosomes

A

Nucleolus

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14
Q

an oval sac lined with epithelial cells and having a lumen

A

Alveolus

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15
Q

Minute, hairlike process attached to the luminal surface of certain cells

A

Cilium

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16
Q

A tube or canal that carries fluid or secretions from a gland

A

duct

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17
Q

the tissue covering the external and internal surfaces of the body, including the linings of vessels and cavitties.

A

Epithelium

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18
Q

The description of an epithelium is based on the

A

number of cell layers (simple or stratified)
and the shape of the cells (squamous, cubodial, or columnar)

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19
Q

Hollow center of a tubular organ

A

lumen

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20
Q

includes an epithelial lining, the underlying connective tissue and underlying glands if present

A

mucosa

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21
Q

layers of smooth muscle which normally consist of an inner circular layer and an outer longitudinal layer

A

Muscularis

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22
Q

outside coverings of a connective tissue. Present on organs that are within the body cavity

A

Serosa

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23
Q

refers to a single layer of epithelial cells

A

simple

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24
Q

plate-like cells that resemble scales

A

squamous

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25
refers to more than one layer of epithelial cells
stratified
26
A methylated guanine residue added to the 5' (beginning) end of the mature mRNA transcript during mRNA processing. Important for export of the transcript from the nucleus, increasing the half life o the transcript, and in promoting translation.
5' Cap
27
Protein coding region of a gene, represented in the mature mRNA transcript
Exon
28
A DNA sequence that binds to a hormone-stimulated transcription factor to alter the rate of transcription of a proximal gene. Specific examples are: ERE (estrogen response element), PRE (progesterone response element), GRE (glucocorticoid response element)
HRE (hormone response element)
29
The portion of a gene that is transcribed from the primary mRNA transcript (pre-mRNA) but is removed by splicing during processing into the mature mRNA transcript, does not encode the protein
Intron
30
DNA sequence to which the transcription apparatus (RNA pol) binds to initiate transcription
Promoter
31
Addition of a poly A tail to the 3' end of mature mRNA during processing
polyadenylation
32
Purpose of the poly A tail
aids in termination of translation affects the stability of the mature mRNA transcript assists with export of the mature transcript from the nucleus is important for translation
33
Generic term for a DNA sequence that serves as a binding site for a transcription factor and has a role in regulating the rate of transcription of a proximal gene
RE (regulatory Element)
34
An enzyme that transcribes pre-mRNA from a DNA template; is recruited (or blocked) by transcription factors to the promoter
RNA polymerase (RNA pol)
35
Transfer of information from a segment of double stranded DNA (gene) to a single strand of messenger RNA
Transcription
36
A protein that can regulate the rate of transcription of a gene by interacting with a DNA sequence that may or may not be near the gene
Transcription Factor (TF)
37
Translation of the nucleotide sequence of a messenger RNA molecule to the amino acid sequence of a protein
Translation (protein synthesis)
38
The region of mRNA still present in mature mRNA that is not translated into protein (upstream of the start codon= 5' UTR, downstream of the stop codon= 3' UTR)
Untranslated region (UTR)
39
Major limitations to reproductive efficiency
Failure to show heat at the start of the breeding season early embryonic mortality--- repeat breeder
40
Types of reproductive Processes
Oviparus Viviparus Ovoviviparus
41
Oviparus
female lays eggs which hatch outside of the body
42
Viviparus
give birth to live young which are nurished by contact between placenta and uterus
43
ovoviviparous
give birth to live young that hatch from eggs inside of the body
44
Example of Oviparous animal
Birds, reptiles, amphibians and fish
45
Example of viviparous animal
mammals
46
Example of ovoviviparous animal
certain sharks, snakes, lizards and amphibians
47
Induced ovulation
only after mating does ovulation occur -needs stimulation before they can ovulate
48
What animals use induced ovulation
cats, rabbits, camels
49
Spontaneous ovulation
ovulation happens every cycle without mating or without
50
Sperm can live inside the female repro tract for how long
1-2 days
51
Animals that have spontaneous ovulation
cow, human, horse, rodent
52
What gives the sign of heat
the rise of estrogen that comes from the mature ovarian follicle
53
Delayed fertilization is only in
bats
54
delayed fertilization
can keep the sperm alive for months and fertilize the egg after hibernation
55
Delayed development
after fertilization at the blastocyte stage, rate of development is slowed down
56
Delayed implantation is also known as
embryonic diapause
57
Delayed implantation
animals need energy for hibernation so they delay implantation (step after blastocyte) embryo is still there just not implanted
58
what are the two types of delayed implantation
obligate facultative
59
Obligate implantation
implants everytime process is just delayed
60
Examples of animals with obligate implantation
badger, mink, bear, elephant seal, skunk, roe deer, armadillo, bat
61
Faculative implantation
may or may not implant
62
Examples of animals that use faculative implantation
mouse, rat, mole, gerbil, weasel, kangroo, wallaby
63
How does an animal with facuolative implantation decide to implant or not
second wave of estrogen is needed to signal implantation prolactin prevents estrogen if an animal is still lactating they will not implant

Repro Phys (16 decks)

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