Quiz 1 Lecture Material

Question 1

Oviparous

Answer 1

female lays eggs which hatch outside the body

Question 2

Example of oviparous

Answer 2

birds, reptiles, amphibians and fish

Question 3

Viviparous

Answer 3

give birth to live young which are nourished by contact between placenta and uterus

Question 4

Example of viviparous

Answer 4

mammals

Question 5

Ovoviviparous

Answer 5

give birth to live young which hatch from eggs inside the body

Question 6

Example of ovoviviparous

Answer 6

certain sharks, snakes, lizards, and amphibians

Question 7

Induced ovulation

Answer 7

ovulation only occurs after mating
needs stimulation before ovulation can occur

Question 8

Examples of induced ovulation

Answer 8

cats, rabbits, camels

Question 9

Spontaneous ovulation

Answer 9

ovulation happens with mating or not
happens every cycle

Question 10

Delayed fertilization

Answer 10

fertilization is delayed until after hibernation
only found in bats

Question 11

Delayed development

Answer 11

delay after fertilization at the blastocyst stage

Question 12

Delayed implantation (embryonic diapause)

Answer 12

after blastocyte stage
delayed implantation in the uterus
examples- grizzly bear, fisher, elephant seal

Question 13

Two types of delayed implantation

Answer 13

obligate
facultative

Question 14

obligate delayed implantation

Answer 14

implantation everytime

Question 15

facultative implantation

Answer 15

may or may not decided based on other factors such as estrogen levels and lactation (prolactin levels)

Question 16

Spontaneous abortion

Answer 16

abortion that happens for no reason
example- mouse introduced to a male while pregnant, gets rid of babies to not waste energy since the male will eat the babies anyways

Question 17

Monozygotic polyembryony

Answer 17

one egg is fertilized and then it splits into clones
Armadillo

Question 18

Communication systems in repro

Answer 18

endocrine system (main one)
nervous system

Question 19

Endocrine system

Answer 19

1. chemical messenger
2. secreted by endocrine gland
3. transported by blood
4. target tissue- physiological response

Question 20

Four types of cell hormone communication

Answer 20

Paracrine
Autocrine
Intracrine
Endocrine

Question 21

Endocrine

Answer 21

Through the blood to the target tissue

Question 22

Paracrine

Answer 22

hormone stimulates adjacent cells without entering the blood

Question 23

Autocrine

Answer 23

hormone stimulates the same cell that secreted the hormone

Question 24

Intracrine

Answer 24

hormone stimulates the cell without being secreted

Question 25

Proteins are (water or not water soluble)

Answer 25

water soluble

Question 26

Steroids are not soluble due to

Answer 26

rings

Question 27

Lipids are (water soluble or not)

Answer 27

not water soluble

Question 28

Peptides

Answer 28

short chain of two or more amino acids

Question 29

Proteins

Answer 29

long chains of amino acids

Question 30

Glycoproteins

Answer 30

protein hormone + carbohydrates

Question 31

steroid hormones are synthesized from

Answer 31

cholesterol

Question 32

Examples of steroid hormones

Answer 32

sex steroids (estrogen and testosterone) corticosteroids

Question 33

Precursor to estrogen hormones

Answer 33

testosterone

Question 34

What enzyme makes estrogen

Answer 34

aromatase

Question 35

Lipid hormones (prostaglandins) are derived from

Answer 35

arachidonic acid

Question 36

Functions of lipid hormones

Answer 36

smooth muscle contractions, lipid metabolism, mediate inflammation

Question 37

PGE2

Answer 37

vasodilation, maintenance of CL, ovulation

Question 38

PGF 2 alpha

Answer 38

vasoconstriction, regression of CL, ovulation, parturition

Question 39

How to control hormones

Answer 39

1. amount of the hormone 2. number of receptors 3. affinity of binding to hormone and receptor 4. rate of metabolism

Question 40

Protein hormone metabolism

Answer 40

hormone binds to receptor- internalized metabolism in circulation in the liver glycoproteins excreted in urine

Question 41

Prostoglandin metabolism

Answer 41

metabolized by enzymes in the lungs degraded quickly

Question 42

Steroid hormone metabolism

Answer 42

Liver- removal of double bonds and addition of glucuronic acid or a sulfate group Kidney- excreted in urine

Question 43

characteristics of hormones

Answer 43

do not supply energy regulate rates of specific processes act in small quantities short half life bind to receptors immediate or delayed reaction help maintain homeostasis

Question 44

Reproductive hormones can be

Answer 44

peptides proteins steroids derivatives of fatty acids

Question 45

Feedback regulation in Males

Answer 45

Hypothalamus - releases GnRH Anterior Pituitary - Gonadotropins (LH and FSH) Target gland -testis -produces testosterone Too high levels of testosterone results in decrease in GnRH receptor in pituitary

Question 46

Protein hormones mechanism of action

Answer 46

cell membrane receptors

Question 47

Steroid hormones mechanism of action

Answer 47

cell membrane receptors nuclear receptors

Question 48

Steps for protein hormone mechanism of action

Answer 48

through the blood binds to receptor on outside of membrane Release of G protein Adenylate cyclase turns ATP into cAMP cAMP attaches to regulatory subunit of protein kinase catalytic subunit of protein kinase detaches and synthesizes a new protein

Question 49

What stops protein synthesization

Answer 49

phosphodiesterase - inhibits cAMP creation

Question 50

How does nuclear receptor work

Answer 50

lipid hormones go through the cell membrane and bind to a receptor in the nucleus complex binds to response element activates hormone that activates the gene (works as a transcription factor)

Question 51

FSH and LH are secreted from

Answer 51

the Anterior Pituitary Gland

Question 52

GnRH is secreted from

Answer 52

the hypothalamus

Question 53

How are the hypothalamus and Anterior pituitary gland connected

Answer 53

Hypothalamohypophyseal Portal vessels Hormones go directly through blood to the anterior

Question 54

How are the hypothalamus and Posterior pituitary gland connected

Answer 54

physically connected via nerve tissue Fast reaction Oxytocin secreted from posterior but made in hypothalamus

Question 55

What does the hypothalamus secrete/create

Answer 55

GnRH oxytocin

Question 56

GnRH is what type of hormone

Answer 56

peptide

Question 57

GnRH does what

Answer 57

stimulates release of FSH and LH from anterior pituitary

Question 58

Oxytocin is what type of hormone

Answer 58

peptide

Question 59

The Anterior pituitary secretes what hormones

Answer 59

FSH LH Prolactin

Question 60

FSH is what type of hormone

Answer 60

glycoprotein

Question 61

FSH does what

Answer 61

Male -spermiogenesis Female -stimulates follicle growth -stimulates estrogen production

Question 62

LH is what type of hormone

Answer 62

glycoprotein

Question 63

LH does what

Answer 63

Male -stimulate testosterone stimulus by Leydig cells of testis Female - stimulates ovulation -support CL formation and progesterone secretion

Question 64

What type of hormone is prolactin

Answer 64

protein

Question 65

What does prolactin do

Answer 65

stimulates milk synthesis regulate metabolism for milk synthesis effects maternal behavior

Question 66

The ovary secretes what hormones

Answer 66

Estrogens Progesterone

Question 67

Estrogen does what

Answer 67

mating behavior secondary sex characteristics of females maintenance of female duct system mammary growth

Question 68

Estrogen is what type of hormone

Answer 68

steroid

Question 69

Progesterone is what type of hormone

Answer 69

steroid

Question 70

Progesterone does what

Answer 70

maintenance of pregnancy mammary growth and secretion control final follicular growth

Question 71

Testis secrete what hormone

Answer 71

androgens- testosterone

Question 72

Testosterone is what type of hormone

Answer 72

steroid

Question 73

Testosterone does what

Answer 73

Male mating behavior spermatogenesis spermatocytogenesis maintenance of male duct system

Question 74

Two types of cells in the testis

Answer 74

Leydig Sertoli

Question 75

Uterus secretes what hormone

Answer 75

prostaglandins

Question 76

What type of hormone are prostaglandins

Answer 76

lipid

Question 77

What do prostaglandins do

Answer 77

regression of CL stimulate myometrial contractions ovulation sperm transport

Question 78

What hormone does the adrenal cortex secrete

Answer 78

glucocorticoids corticosteroids

Question 79

What do glucocorticoids and corticosteroids do

Answer 79

induction of parturition by fetus milk synthesis stress response

Question 80

What hormones does the placenta secrete

Answer 80

Human Chorionic gonadotropin (LH) Equine chorionic Gonadotropin (FSH)

Question 81

What class are human and equine chorionic gonadotropins

Answer 81

glycoprotein

Question 82

What does human and equine chorionic gonadotropins do

Answer 82

establishment of pregnancy support and maintain the CL Formation of accessory CL in mare?