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Repro Phys > Quiz 1 Lecture Material > Flashcards

Quiz 1 Lecture Material Flashcards

1
Q

Oviparous

A

female lays eggs which hatch outside the body

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2
Q

Example of oviparous

A

birds, reptiles, amphibians and fish

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3
Q

Viviparous

A

give birth to live young which are nourished by contact between placenta and uterus

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4
Q

Example of viviparous

A

mammals

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5
Q

Ovoviviparous

A

give birth to live young which hatch from eggs inside the body

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6
Q

Example of ovoviviparous

A

certain sharks, snakes, lizards, and amphibians

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7
Q

Induced ovulation

A

ovulation only occurs after mating
needs stimulation before ovulation can occur

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8
Q

Examples of induced ovulation

A

cats, rabbits, camels

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9
Q

Spontaneous ovulation

A

ovulation happens with mating or not
happens every cycle

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10
Q

Delayed fertilization

A

fertilization is delayed until after hibernation
only found in bats

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11
Q

Delayed development

A

delay after fertilization at the blastocyst stage

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12
Q

Delayed implantation (embryonic diapause)

A

after blastocyte stage
delayed implantation in the uterus
examples- grizzly bear, fisher, elephant seal

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13
Q

Two types of delayed implantation

A

obligate
facultative

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14
Q

obligate delayed implantation

A

implantation everytime

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15
Q

facultative implantation

A

may or may not decided based on other factors such as estrogen levels and lactation (prolactin levels)

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16
Q

Spontaneous abortion

A

abortion that happens for no reason
example- mouse introduced to a male while pregnant, gets rid of babies to not waste energy since the male will eat the babies anyways

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17
Q

Monozygotic polyembryony

A

one egg is fertilized and then it splits into clones
Armadillo

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18
Q

Communication systems in repro

A

endocrine system (main one)
nervous system

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19
Q

Endocrine system

A
  1. chemical messenger
  2. secreted by endocrine gland
  3. transported by blood
  4. target tissue- physiological response
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20
Q

Four types of cell hormone communication

A

Paracrine
Autocrine
Intracrine
Endocrine

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21
Q

Endocrine

A

Through the blood to the target tissue

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22
Q

Paracrine

A

hormone stimulates adjacent cells without entering the blood

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23
Q

Autocrine

A

hormone stimulates the same cell that secreted the hormone

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24
Q

Intracrine

A

hormone stimulates the cell without being secreted

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25
Q

Proteins are (water or not water soluble)

A

water soluble

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26
Q

Steroids are not soluble due to

A

rings

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27
Q

Lipids are (water soluble or not)

A

not water soluble

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28
Q

Peptides

A

short chain of two or more amino acids

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29
Q

Proteins

A

long chains of amino acids

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30
Q

Glycoproteins

A

protein hormone + carbohydrates

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31
Q

steroid hormones are synthesized from

A

cholesterol

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32
Q

Examples of steroid hormones

A

sex steroids (estrogen and testosterone)
corticosteroids

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33
Q

Precursor to estrogen hormones

A

testosterone

34
Q

What enzyme makes estrogen

A

aromatase

35
Q

Lipid hormones (prostaglandins) are derived from

A

arachidonic acid

36
Q

Functions of lipid hormones

A

smooth muscle contractions, lipid metabolism, mediate inflammation

37
Q

PGE2

A

vasodilation, maintenance of CL, ovulation

38
Q

PGF 2 alpha

A

vasoconstriction, regression of CL, ovulation, parturition

39
Q

How to control hormones

A
  1. amount of the hormone
  2. number of receptors
  3. affinity of binding to hormone and receptor
  4. rate of metabolism
40
Q

Protein hormone metabolism

A

hormone binds to receptor- internalized
metabolism in circulation in the liver
glycoproteins excreted in urine

41
Q

Prostoglandin metabolism

A

metabolized by enzymes in the lungs
degraded quickly

42
Q

Steroid hormone metabolism

A

Liver- removal of double bonds and addition of glucuronic acid or a sulfate group
Kidney- excreted in urine

43
Q

characteristics of hormones

A

do not supply energy
regulate rates of specific processes
act in small quantities
short half life
bind to receptors
immediate or delayed reaction
help maintain homeostasis

44
Q

Reproductive hormones can be

A

peptides
proteins
steroids
derivatives of fatty acids

45
Q

Feedback regulation in Males

A

Hypothalamus
- releases GnRH
Anterior Pituitary
- Gonadotropins (LH and FSH)
Target gland
-testis
-produces testosterone
Too high levels of testosterone results in decrease in GnRH receptor in pituitary

46
Q

Protein hormones mechanism of action

A

cell membrane receptors

47
Q

Steroid hormones mechanism of action

A

cell membrane receptors
nuclear receptors

48
Q

Steps for protein hormone mechanism of action

A

through the blood
binds to receptor on outside of membrane
Release of G protein
Adenylate cyclase turns ATP into cAMP
cAMP attaches to regulatory subunit of protein kinase
catalytic subunit of protein kinase detaches and synthesizes a new protein

49
Q

What stops protein synthesization

A

phosphodiesterase
- inhibits cAMP creation

50
Q

How does nuclear receptor work

A

lipid hormones go through the cell membrane and bind to a receptor in the nucleus
complex binds to response element
activates hormone that activates the gene
(works as a transcription factor)

51
Q

FSH and LH are secreted from

A

the Anterior Pituitary Gland

52
Q

GnRH is secreted from

A

the hypothalamus

53
Q

How are the hypothalamus and Anterior pituitary gland connected

A

Hypothalamohypophyseal Portal vessels
Hormones go directly through blood to the anterior

54
Q

How are the hypothalamus and Posterior pituitary gland connected

A

physically connected via nerve tissue
Fast reaction
Oxytocin secreted from posterior but made in hypothalamus

55
Q

What does the hypothalamus secrete/create

A

GnRH
oxytocin

56
Q

GnRH is what type of hormone

A

peptide

57
Q

GnRH does what

A

stimulates release of FSH and LH from anterior pituitary

58
Q

Oxytocin is what type of hormone

A

peptide

59
Q

The Anterior pituitary secretes what hormones

A

FSH
LH
Prolactin

60
Q

FSH is what type of hormone

A

glycoprotein

61
Q

FSH does what

A

Male
-spermiogenesis
Female
-stimulates follicle growth
-stimulates estrogen production

62
Q

LH is what type of hormone

A

glycoprotein

63
Q

LH does what

A

Male
-stimulate testosterone stimulus by Leydig cells of testis
Female
- stimulates ovulation
-support CL formation and progesterone secretion

64
Q

What type of hormone is prolactin

A

protein

65
Q

What does prolactin do

A

stimulates milk synthesis
regulate metabolism for milk synthesis
effects maternal behavior

66
Q

The ovary secretes what hormones

A

Estrogens
Progesterone

67
Q

Estrogen does what

A

mating behavior
secondary sex characteristics of females
maintenance of female duct system
mammary growth

68
Q

Estrogen is what type of hormone

A

steroid

69
Q

Progesterone is what type of hormone

A

steroid

70
Q

Progesterone does what

A

maintenance of pregnancy
mammary growth and secretion
control final follicular growth

71
Q

Testis secrete what hormone

A

androgens- testosterone

72
Q

Testosterone is what type of hormone

A

steroid

73
Q

Testosterone does what

A

Male mating behavior
spermatogenesis
spermatocytogenesis
maintenance of male duct system

74
Q

Two types of cells in the testis

A

Leydig
Sertoli

75
Q

Uterus secretes what hormone

A

prostaglandins

76
Q

What type of hormone are prostaglandins

A

lipid

77
Q

What do prostaglandins do

A

regression of CL
stimulate myometrial contractions
ovulation
sperm transport

78
Q

What hormone does the adrenal cortex secrete

A

glucocorticoids
corticosteroids

79
Q

What do glucocorticoids and corticosteroids do

A

induction of parturition by fetus
milk synthesis
stress response

80
Q

What hormones does the placenta secrete

A

Human Chorionic gonadotropin (LH)
Equine chorionic Gonadotropin (FSH)

81
Q

What class are human and equine chorionic gonadotropins

A

glycoprotein

82
Q

What does human and equine chorionic gonadotropins do

A

establishment of pregnancy
support and maintain the CL

Formation of accessory CL in mare?

Repro Phys (10 decks)

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