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APH217 > Quiz 5 > Flashcards

Quiz 5 Flashcards

1
Q

Adult FEMALE body by weight - percentage of water and why

A

52% water by weight
tend to have more adipose tissue
less H2O

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2
Q

Adult MALE body by weight - percentage of water

A

63% by weight
males tend to have more muscle tissue
more H2O

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3
Q

Fluid compartments (types)

A

Intracellular
Extracellular
Transcellular

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4
Q

Extracellular fluid compartment

A

Outside cells - Lymph, Interstitial cells, Plasma

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5
Q

Intracellular fluid compartment

A

inside the cell membranes (about 2/3 of all fluids)

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6
Q

Transcellular fluid compartment

A

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
Aqueous Humor- front of the eye
Vitreous Humor- back of the eye
Serous Fluid
Synovial Fluid- joints

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7
Q

2 pressures that cause fluids to move between compartments

A

Osmotic: higher solute concentration
Hydrostatic: higher to lower pressure

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8
Q

H20 intake - how much + where it comes from

A

2500 mL per day
60% beverages
30% moist foods
10% metabolic water (the chemical reactions that happen in your body

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9
Q

Thirst mechanism is normally triggered by

A

by osmoreceptors, whenever the total body water decreases by 1%

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10
Q

Stretch receptors (volume receptors) of cardiovascular system cause thirst when

A

when blood volume decreases by 10%

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11
Q

Water output: 5 ways we lose water from the body

A

Urine
Feces
Sweat (sensible perspiration)
Evaporating off the skin (insensible perspiration)
Lungs during breathing

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12
Q

Dehydration occurs if

A

If water intake is insufficient - thirst mechanism, decreased water output

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13
Q

Hypotonic hydration

A

water intoxication- Sweating a lot replacing H2O but not electrolytes
Leads to hyponatremia (Low Na+)

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14
Q

Hypoproteinemia

A

low plasma protein, causes edema
overhydration

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15
Q

Salt craving may be caused by

A

Severe electrolyte deficiency

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16
Q

Greatest electrolyte loss is how

A

occurs as a result of kidney function and urine production

17
Q

Regulation of electrolyte output

A

Aldosterone:
Produced in the adrenal cortex (outer part) hormone
Increase sodium ion reabsorption and potassium ion secretion at the same time

18
Q

5 Sources of H+ cations in the body

A

Aerobic respiration of glucose
Anaerobic respiration of glucose
Incomplete oxidation of fatty acids
Oxidation of amino acids containing sulfur
Hydrolysis of phosphoproteins and nucleic acids

19
Q

Aerobic respiration of glucose

A

CO2 is produced

20
Q

Anaerobic respiration of glucose

A

Formation of lactic acid

21
Q

Incomplete oxidation of fatty acids

A

Formation of acidic ketone bodies

22
Q

Oxidation of amino acids containing sulfur

A

Formation of sulfuric acid

23
Q

Hydrolysis of phosphoproteins and nucleic acids

A

Formation of phosphoric acid

24
Q

The 3 chemical buffer systems (H+ regulation)

A

temporary & fast; first line of defense

Bicarbonate buffer system: HCO3-
Phosphate buffer system: seen in urine formation
Protein buffer system: albumins and hemoglobin

25
Q

The 2 physiological buffer systems (H+ regulation)

A

longer-term & slow; second line of defense - need to eliminate the excess acid or base
Respiratory System (lungs): several minutes
Urinary System (kidneys): 1-3 days
Excretion of H+ ions

26
Q

Respiratory acidosis

A

increase of CO2 decreases the pH
Increased carbonic acid
Labored breathing
can result from injury to the brainstem, alveolar obstruction, diseases (PNA, emphysema)

27
Q

Acid-Base PH range

A

Normal pH range in blood: 7.35-7.45
Survival range in blood: 6.8-8.0

28
Q

Respiratory acid

A

carbonic acid

29
Q

Respiratory alkalosis

A

decrease of CO2 increases the pH
decreased carbonic acid
Factors that can lead to this are anxiety, salicylates (aspirin) poisoning, fever, high altitudes

30
Q

Alkalosis PH

A

Above 7.45

31
Q

Acidosis PH

A

below 7.35

32
Q

Metabolic acidosis

A

accumulation of acids other than carbonic: uremic acids, ketoacidosis (improper oxidation of fatty acids or the loss of bases: prolonged diarrhea

33
Q

Metabolic alkalosis

A

Loss of hydrogen ions and gain of bases
Loss of H+: gastric lavage and excessive vomiting, diuretic drug use
Gain of bases: antacids (like sodium bicarbonate)

34
Q

Compensation

A

resistance to a shift in pH (chemical & physiological)

If the the problem is respiratory acidosis due to pulmonary disease, the respiratory system is not able to take part in the compensation.

35
Q

Gonads

A

the organs that produce sex hormones and gametes -Testes and Ovaries

36
Q

Gametes

A

sex cells (eggs/sperms)

37
Q

Diploid

A

46 chromosomes (23 pairs)

38
Q

Haploid

A

23 chromosomes

39
Q

Hypotonic dehydration

A

Losing more electrolytes than water (diarrhea, vomiting)

APH217 (10 decks)

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