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APH217 > EXAM 2 Chapters 16+19 > Flashcards

EXAM 2 Chapters 16+19 Flashcards

Pulmonary + Lymphatic

1
Q

3 purposes of the lymphatic system

A

1.Return of fluid to the bloodstream (plasma - interstitial fluid - lymph)
2. Lymph is filtered by lymph nodes (immunology) - (lymphocytes and macrophages)
3. Lymphatic capillaries (lacteals) pick up dietary fats in the small intestine

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2
Q

Lymphatic vessels are similar to..

A

Veins

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3
Q

Lymph aided in circulating through its vessels by movement of

A

skeletal muscles

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4
Q

Right lymphatic duct

A

Right half of the head, neck, chest, right arm

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5
Q

Thoracic duct

A

Drains more - everywhere that the right lymphatic duct does not

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6
Q

Where do both right lymphatic and thoracic duct drain

A

to subclavian veins

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7
Q

MALT

A

Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue

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8
Q

Name MALT tissues

A

Tonsils
Appendix
Peyer’s patches (small intestine)

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9
Q

Lymphadenitis

A

Inflamed lymph nodes

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10
Q

Lymphangitis

A

Lymphatic vessels inflamed due to bacterial infection, red streaks on skin

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11
Q

Location of lymph nodes

A

Cervical
Axillary
Supratrochlear
Pelvic
Abdominal
Thoracic
Inguinal

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12
Q

Which lymph node is often enlarged in children and why

A

Supratrochlear region - medial elbow
due to cut and scrapes on hands

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13
Q

Immune surveillance

A

Lymphocytes and macrophages destroying items filtered out of lymph

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14
Q

Thymus gland

A

In the mediastinum
T-cells mature here with the help of hormones called thymosins
Larger in infancy/childhood

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15
Q

Mature T cell

A

Distinguishes self from non self

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16
Q

Spleen

A

Largest lymphatic organ
Reservoir of red blood cells

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17
Q

Describe 2 pulps found in spleen

A

Red pulp and white pulp
Both types of pulps contain lymphocytes and macrophages
Worn out RBCs are filtered in the red pulp

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18
Q

Innate immunity

A

Nonspecific defenses of immunity
Something we are born with
1st and 2nd lines of defenses

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19
Q

Adaptive immunity

A

Specific defenses of immunity
3rd line of defense

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20
Q

1st line of defense

A

Innate // Mechanical barries such as: intact skin, mucous membranes, cilia, hair, tears, saliva. urine

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21
Q

2nd line of defense

A

Innate // Chemical barriers such as inflammation, phagocytosis, NK cells, fever

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22
Q

Describe inflammation

A
  1. redness - from increased blood flow aided by vasodilation
  2. swelling - from increased capillary permeability
  3. heat - hot to the touch. blood is arriving from deeper body parts
  4. pain - stimulated by nearby pain receptors
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23
Q

Fever

A

The spleen and liver sequester iron because iron is necessary for bacterial and fungal metabolism in the blood, fever also stimulates phagocytosis

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24
Q

NK cells

A

Natural killer cells
Puncture “lyse” cell membranes of enemy cells
Performed through the production of perforin

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25
Q

3rd line of defense

A

Specific // Adaptive
Antigens, T cells, B cells, Plasma cells

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26
Q

Antigen (types)

A

Proteins
Polysaccharides
Glycoproteins
Glycolipids

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27
Q

Lymphocyte origins

A

Begins in fetal development

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28
Q

T cells

A

Target tumor cells, cancer cells, and cells infected with viruses. DO NOT GO AFTER BACTERIA - neutrophils DO
Differentiate into cytotoxic and helper cells

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29
Q

Cytotoxic T cells

A

Kill enemy cells
Also involved in tissue rejection

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30
Q

Helper T cells

A

Produce chemicals called cytokines that stimulate other WBCs to act

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31
Q

B cells

A

Once immune system is activated, they differentiate into memory cells and plasma cells

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32
Q

Memory cells

A

They remember an antigen previously exposed to in order to speed up the making of appropriate antibodies after being exposed to the same antigen
Detectable levels of antigen in 1-2 days instead of 5-10 days

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33
Q

Plasma cells

A

Produce Y shaped proteins called antibodies (also called immunoglobulins)
Antibodies combine with the antigen on the pathogen and destroy the pathogen by marking it for phagocytosis

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34
Q

Which immunity is fast/slow?

A

Innate immunity is fast
Adaptive immunity is slow

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35
Q

Active immunity

A

The person’s own body makes the antibodies

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36
Q

Passive immunity

A

The person receives antibodies from another person or an animal

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37
Q

Naturally acquired active immunity

A

Person exposed to the pathogen from a person or vector who spread the pathogen

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38
Q

Artificially acquired active immunity

A

Person receives a vaccine / immunization

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39
Q

Naturally acquired passive immunity

A

Receiving antibodies from the mother’s placenta or breastmilk

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40
Q

Artificially acquired passive immunity

A

Person is medically administered antibodies

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41
Q

Hypersensitivity reaction

A

Type 1. Allergy
Type 2. Mismatched blood transfusion
Type 3. Autoimmune response (body attacking itself)
Type 4. Delayed hypersensitivity reaction

42
Q

Explain delayed hypersensitivity reaction

A

skin exposure to certain chemicals may not show until 2-3 days later

43
Q

Life threatening allergic reaction

A

Anaphelaxis / Anaphylactic shock

44
Q

Which cells target transplant tissue

A

Cytotoxic T cells

45
Q

Different graft types

A

Isograft
Autograft
Allograft
Xenograft

46
Q

Isograft

A

Identication (identical twin)

47
Q

Autograft

A

Self

48
Q

Allograft

A

Same species, different person (living or dead)

49
Q

Xenograft

A

Different species

50
Q

Autoimmunity

A

Immune system fails to distinguish against self - autoantibodies

51
Q

External Respiration

A

Breathing/Ventilation
Inhalation - Inspiration
Exhalation - Expiration

52
Q

Internal respiration

A

In the tissue - Transportation / Exchange of O2 and CO2

53
Q

Cellular respiration

A

Mitochondria
ATP production for energy

54
Q

Upper respiratory system

A

Nose
Nasal cavity
Sinuses
Pharynx - throat
Larynx - voicebox

55
Q

Lower respiratory system

A

Trachea - wind pipe
Bronchial tree
Lungs

56
Q

Nares

A

Nostrils

57
Q

Pharynx (types)

A

Nasopharynx (most upper)
Oropharynx (middle of the throat)
Laryngopharynx (passageway for food and air)

58
Q

Adam’s apple

A

Thyroid cartilage
More prominent in males due to testosterone

59
Q

Epiglottis

A

Hyaline cartilage flap that closes off the glottis during swallowing

60
Q

Glottis

A

Opening through the larynx

61
Q

What holds open the trachea

A

about 20 C shaped tracheal cartilages

62
Q

Tracheostomy

A

to surgically make a round opening in anterior trachea

63
Q

Tracheotomy

A

To cut into the trachea

64
Q

Bronchus / Bronchi

A

2 large tubes (left and right) that carry air from the windpipe to the lungs

65
Q

Bronchial tree

A

Formed by trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli
Also called tracheobronchial tree

66
Q

Alveolus / Alveoli

A

Air sacs
Allow for rapid gas exchange
Surrounded by mesh of capillaries

67
Q

Carina

A

Piece of cartilage located where right and left bronchi branch

68
Q

As you descend down the bronchial tree, you find

A

less cartilage, more smooth muscle

69
Q

Bronchodilation

A

Widening of the airways

70
Q

Bronchoconstriction

A

Condition in which the smooth muscles of the bronchus contracts

71
Q

How many alveoli total

A

about 300 million

72
Q

Number of lobes in lungs on right vs left

A

Right - 3 lobes
Left - 2 lobes

73
Q

Ventilation

A

Breathing
The circulation and exchange of gases

74
Q

Inspiration

A

Inhalation
Diaphragm flattens, intrapulmonary pressure (pressure inside the lungs) is lower than atmospheric pressure
Air flows into the lungs

75
Q

Expiration

A

Exhalation
Diaphragm curves upward, intrapulmonary pressure is greater than atmospheric pressure
Air flows out of the lungs

76
Q

Surfactant

A

Lipoprotein
On inner surface of alveoli
Prevents collapsing of alveoli (effects preemies)

77
Q

Pneumothorax

A

Thoracic wall punctured, lung collapses

78
Q

Tidal Volume

A

TV
Volume of air moved in or out of the lungs during a respiratory cycle
500ml

79
Q

Residual volume

A

RV
Volume of air that remains in the lungs even after a maximal respiratory effort
1200ml

80
Q

Vital capacity

A

VC
maximum volume of air that can be exhaled after taking deepest breath possible (4600ml)
VC = TV+IRV (inspiratory reserve volume)

81
Q

Bronchial asthma

A

begins as allergy (inhaled)

82
Q

Hygiene hypothesis

A

associated with a primed immune system and lower risks of developing asthma

83
Q

Emphysema

A

progressive degenerative disease that destroys alveolar wall

84
Q

Respiratory areas located within what 2 areas of the brainstem

A

Pons and medulla oblongata

85
Q

Sleep apnea

A

Momentary stoppage of breathing while sleeping

86
Q

Chemoreceptors

A

Affect respiration
Central
Peripheral

87
Q

Central vs peripheral chemoreceptors

A

Central - are triggered by PH of brain
Peripheral - triggered by PH changes sensed in carotid and aortic bodies

88
Q

Hyperventilation

A
  1. CO2 levels in blood drop
  2. blood PH levels rise (more basic/alkaline)
  3. blood flow to cerebral arterioles decreases
  4. Syncope (loss of consciousness)
89
Q

Respiratory membrane

A

Alveolar-capillary membrane
Membrane through which we have gas exchange in lungs

90
Q

Pneumonia

A

cause may be bacterial, viral, or fungal

91
Q

TB

A

Tuberculosis in lungs from bacillus bacteria

92
Q

Atelectasis

A

collapsed lung

93
Q

Transport of O2

A

98-99% - hemoglobin
1-2% - dissolved in plasma

94
Q

Hypoxia and its types

A

deficiency in O2
Hypoxemia
Anemic hypoxia
Ischemic hypoxia
Histotoxic hypoxia

95
Q

Hypoxemia

A

decreased arterial o2

96
Q

Anemic hypoxia

A

diminished ability to transport o2

97
Q

ischemic hypoxia

A

inadequate blood flow

98
Q

histotoxic hypoxia

A

o2 is present, body cannot use it
example - cyanide poisoning or carbon monoxide (CO)

99
Q

how strongly does carbon monoxide bind to hemoglobin

A

it adheres 200x more strongly than oxygen does

100
Q

Carbon Dioxide transport (CO2)

A

7% dissolves in plasma
23% carbaminohemoglobin (carried on hemoglobin protein, not the Fe)
70% bicarbonate ions (HCO3)

101
Q

CO + H2O

A

carbonic acid

102
Q

H+ and HCO3

A

bicarbonate

APH217 (10 decks)

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