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APH217 > EXAM 2 Chapters 16+19 > Flashcards

EXAM 2 Chapters 16+19 Flashcards

Pulmonary + Lymphatic

1
Q

3 purposes of the lymphatic system

A

1.Return of fluid to the bloodstream (plasma - interstitial fluid - lymph)
2. Lymph is filtered by lymph nodes (immunology) - (lymphocytes and macrophages)
3. Lymphatic capillaries (lacteals) pick up dietary fats in the small intestine

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2
Q

Lymphatic vessels are similar to..

A

Veins

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3
Q

Lymph aided in circulating through its vessels by movement of

A

skeletal muscles

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4
Q

Right lymphatic duct

A

Right half of the head, neck, chest, right arm

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5
Q

Thoracic duct

A

Drains more - everywhere that the right lymphatic duct does not

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6
Q

Where do both right lymphatic and thoracic duct drain

A

to subclavian veins

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7
Q

MALT

A

Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue

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8
Q

Name MALT tissues

A

Tonsils
Appendix
Peyer’s patches (small intestine)

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9
Q

Lymphadenitis

A

Inflamed lymph nodes

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10
Q

Lymphangitis

A

Lymphatic vessels inflamed due to bacterial infection, red streaks on skin

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11
Q

Location of lymph nodes

A

Cervical
Axillary
Supratrochlear
Pelvic
Abdominal
Thoracic
Inguinal

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12
Q

Which lymph node is often enlarged in children and why

A

Supratrochlear region - medial elbow
due to cut and scrapes on hands

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13
Q

Immune surveillance

A

Lymphocytes and macrophages destroying items filtered out of lymph

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14
Q

Thymus gland

A

In the mediastinum
T-cells mature here with the help of hormones called thymosins
Larger in infancy/childhood

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15
Q

Mature T cell

A

Distinguishes self from non self

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16
Q

Spleen

A

Largest lymphatic organ
Reservoir of red blood cells

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17
Q

Describe 2 pulps found in spleen

A

Red pulp and white pulp
Both types of pulps contain lymphocytes and macrophages
Worn out RBCs are filtered in the red pulp

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18
Q

Innate immunity

A

Nonspecific defenses of immunity
Something we are born with
1st and 2nd lines of defenses

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19
Q

Adaptive immunity

A

Specific defenses of immunity
3rd line of defense

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20
Q

1st line of defense

A

Innate // Mechanical barries such as: intact skin, mucous membranes, cilia, hair, tears, saliva. urine

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21
Q

2nd line of defense

A

Innate // Chemical barriers such as inflammation, phagocytosis, NK cells, fever

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22
Q

Describe inflammation

A
  1. redness - from increased blood flow aided by vasodilation
  2. swelling - from increased capillary permeability
  3. heat - hot to the touch. blood is arriving from deeper body parts
  4. pain - stimulated by nearby pain receptors
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23
Q

Fever

A

The spleen and liver sequester iron because iron is necessary for bacterial and fungal metabolism in the blood, fever also stimulates phagocytosis

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24
Q

NK cells

A

Natural killer cells
Puncture “lyse” cell membranes of enemy cells
Performed through the production of perforin

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25
3rd line of defense
Specific // Adaptive Antigens, T cells, B cells, Plasma cells
26
Antigen (types)
Proteins Polysaccharides Glycoproteins Glycolipids
27
Lymphocyte origins
Begins in fetal development
28
T cells
Target tumor cells, cancer cells, and cells infected with viruses. DO NOT GO AFTER BACTERIA - neutrophils DO Differentiate into cytotoxic and helper cells
29
Cytotoxic T cells
Kill enemy cells Also involved in tissue rejection
30
Helper T cells
Produce chemicals called cytokines that stimulate other WBCs to act
31
B cells
Once immune system is activated, they differentiate into memory cells and plasma cells
32
Memory cells
They remember an antigen previously exposed to in order to speed up the making of appropriate antibodies after being exposed to the same antigen Detectable levels of antigen in 1-2 days instead of 5-10 days
33
Plasma cells
Produce Y shaped proteins called antibodies (also called immunoglobulins) Antibodies combine with the antigen on the pathogen and destroy the pathogen by marking it for phagocytosis
34
Which immunity is fast/slow?
Innate immunity is fast Adaptive immunity is slow
35
Active immunity
The person's own body makes the antibodies
36
Passive immunity
The person receives antibodies from another person or an animal
37
Naturally acquired active immunity
Person exposed to the pathogen from a person or vector who spread the pathogen
38
Artificially acquired active immunity
Person receives a vaccine / immunization
39
Naturally acquired passive immunity
Receiving antibodies from the mother's placenta or breastmilk
40
Artificially acquired passive immunity
Person is medically administered antibodies
41
Hypersensitivity reaction
Type 1. Allergy Type 2. Mismatched blood transfusion Type 3. Autoimmune response (body attacking itself) Type 4. Delayed hypersensitivity reaction
42
Explain delayed hypersensitivity reaction
skin exposure to certain chemicals may not show until 2-3 days later
43
Life threatening allergic reaction
Anaphelaxis / Anaphylactic shock
44
Which cells target transplant tissue
Cytotoxic T cells
45
Different graft types
Isograft Autograft Allograft Xenograft
46
Isograft
Identication (identical twin)
47
Autograft
Self
48
Allograft
Same species, different person (living or dead)
49
Xenograft
Different species
50
Autoimmunity
Immune system fails to distinguish against self - autoantibodies
51
External Respiration
Breathing/Ventilation Inhalation - Inspiration Exhalation - Expiration
52
Internal respiration
In the tissue - Transportation / Exchange of O2 and CO2
53
Cellular respiration
Mitochondria ATP production for energy
54
Upper respiratory system
Nose Nasal cavity Sinuses Pharynx - throat Larynx - voicebox
55
Lower respiratory system
Trachea - wind pipe Bronchial tree Lungs
56
Nares
Nostrils
57
Pharynx (types)
Nasopharynx (most upper) Oropharynx (middle of the throat) Laryngopharynx (passageway for food and air)
58
Adam's apple
Thyroid cartilage More prominent in males due to testosterone
59
Epiglottis
Hyaline cartilage flap that closes off the glottis during swallowing
60
Glottis
Opening through the larynx
61
What holds open the trachea
about 20 C shaped tracheal cartilages
62
Tracheostomy
to surgically make a round opening in anterior trachea
63
Tracheotomy
To cut into the trachea
64
Bronchus / Bronchi
2 large tubes (left and right) that carry air from the windpipe to the lungs
65
Bronchial tree
Formed by trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli Also called tracheobronchial tree
66
Alveolus / Alveoli
Air sacs Allow for rapid gas exchange Surrounded by mesh of capillaries
67
Carina
Piece of cartilage located where right and left bronchi branch
68
As you descend down the bronchial tree, you find
less cartilage, more smooth muscle
69
Bronchodilation
Widening of the airways
70
Bronchoconstriction
Condition in which the smooth muscles of the bronchus contracts
71
How many alveoli total
about 300 million
72
Number of lobes in lungs on right vs left
Right - 3 lobes Left - 2 lobes
73
Ventilation
Breathing The circulation and exchange of gases
74
Inspiration
Inhalation Diaphragm flattens, intrapulmonary pressure (pressure inside the lungs) is lower than atmospheric pressure Air flows into the lungs
75
Expiration
Exhalation Diaphragm curves upward, intrapulmonary pressure is greater than atmospheric pressure Air flows out of the lungs
76
Surfactant
Lipoprotein On inner surface of alveoli Prevents collapsing of alveoli (effects preemies)
77
Pneumothorax
Thoracic wall punctured, lung collapses
78
Tidal Volume
TV Volume of air moved in or out of the lungs during a respiratory cycle 500ml
79
Residual volume
RV Volume of air that remains in the lungs even after a maximal respiratory effort 1200ml
80
Vital capacity
VC maximum volume of air that can be exhaled after taking deepest breath possible (4600ml) VC = TV+IRV (inspiratory reserve volume)
81
Bronchial asthma
begins as allergy (inhaled)
82
Hygiene hypothesis
associated with a primed immune system and lower risks of developing asthma
83
Emphysema
progressive degenerative disease that destroys alveolar wall
84
Respiratory areas located within what 2 areas of the brainstem
Pons and medulla oblongata
85
Sleep apnea
Momentary stoppage of breathing while sleeping
86
Chemoreceptors
Affect respiration Central Peripheral
87
Central vs peripheral chemoreceptors
Central - are triggered by PH of brain Peripheral - triggered by PH changes sensed in carotid and aortic bodies
88
Hyperventilation
1. CO2 levels in blood drop 2. blood PH levels rise (more basic/alkaline) 3. blood flow to cerebral arterioles decreases 4. Syncope (loss of consciousness)
89
Respiratory membrane
Alveolar-capillary membrane Membrane through which we have gas exchange in lungs
90
Pneumonia
cause may be bacterial, viral, or fungal
91
TB
Tuberculosis in lungs from bacillus bacteria
92
Atelectasis
collapsed lung
93
Transport of O2
98-99% - hemoglobin 1-2% - dissolved in plasma
94
Hypoxia and its types
deficiency in O2 Hypoxemia Anemic hypoxia Ischemic hypoxia Histotoxic hypoxia
95
Hypoxemia
decreased arterial o2
96
Anemic hypoxia
diminished ability to transport o2
97
ischemic hypoxia
inadequate blood flow
98
histotoxic hypoxia
o2 is present, body cannot use it example - cyanide poisoning or carbon monoxide (CO)
99
how strongly does carbon monoxide bind to hemoglobin
it adheres 200x more strongly than oxygen does
100
Carbon Dioxide transport (CO2)
7% dissolves in plasma 23% carbaminohemoglobin (carried on hemoglobin protein, not the Fe) 70% bicarbonate ions (HCO3)
101
CO + H2O
carbonic acid
102
H+ and HCO3
bicarbonate

APH217 (10 decks)

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