Exam 1 Flashcards
Chapter 14 + Chapter 15
What is blood made out of
45% formed elements (all blood cells)
55% plasma (liquid portion of blood)
Blood volume in males and females
5-6 litres in males
4-5 litres in females
Definition of hematocrit
Percentage of red blood cells in the sample of the whole blood (volume)
HCT
Average hematocrit percentage in males and females
40-54% in males
35-46% in females
Blood is more viscous than water by xxx
3-4 times
Normal PH of human blood
7.35 - 7.45
Creation of blood
Hematopoiesis
Homepoiesis
Red blood cell
Erythrocyte
RBC
Hemoglobin
Protein
Red Pigment
How much hemoglobin does healthy RBC have
250 million molecules of hemoglobin
What does hemoglobin do
carries o2 on ions of iron
What is hemoglobin made out of
made of 4 protein chains, each chain has 1 ion of FE+
What is oxyhemoglobin
Hemoglobin combined with oxygen
bright red
What is deoxyhemoglobin
hemoglobin with no oxygen (after it is released)
darker red
Define cyno
Blue
Define hypoxia
prolonged oxygen deficiency
causes cyanosis
Define cyanosis
condition in which skin and mucous membranes turn bluish due to high concentration of deoxyhemoglobin
Define nuclear extrusion
Red blood cells sacrifice the nuclei (DNA) to carry more oxygen
How long do RBCs live
120 days
When can we expect RBC number to increase
for several days after strenuous exercise
increased altitude
What do we call RBC formation and where does it occur
Erythropoiesis
in red bone marrow
in FETAL development - in yolk sac, liver, and spleen
Which protein is associated with erythropoiesis
Erythropoietin
Define Erythropoietin
EPO
used to control the rate of production of red blood cells
Mostly made by kidneys, rest by liver
How does erythropoietin work
By negative feedback mechanism
Define Polycythemia
excessive increase of red blood cells
makes blood more viscous
Define intrinsic factor
made in stomach, used in small intestine
required to absorb vitamin B12
influences RBC production (lack of B12 = abnormal RBCs)
What is needed for healthy RBCs
vit B12
folic acid
FE (iron)
Vit C (helps iron absorption)
What is anemia
reduction of red blood cells or reduction of hemoglobin’
a = lack of, without
nemia = blood
Define hemorrhagic anemia
decreased RBC numbers
caused by hemorrhage
Define hemolytic anemia
decreased RBCs
occurs when bacterial infections, or blood transfusion incompatibilities destroy RBC
Define pernicious anemia
decreased RBCs
occurs when deficiency of intrinsic factor from stomach causes inadequate B12 absorption
Define aplastic anemia
decreased RBC number
caused by destruction of bone marrow by radiation, cancer, certain medications, viruses, and poisons
which anemias are caused by decrease in RBCs
hemorrhagic anemia
hemolytic anemia
pernicious anemia
aplastic anemia
define iron deficiency anemia
decreased hemoglobin concentration
caused by dietary malnourishment, heavy menstruation, persistent bleeding
which anemias are caused by abnormal hemoglobin (genetic)
sickle cell anemia
thalassemia
define biliverdin
green pigment
converts into bilirubin
bilirubin
orange pigment
define white blood cells
WBCs
Leukocytes
protect against diseases
define diapedesis
leukocytes squeezing between the endothelial cells that form the walls of the smallest blood vessels to tissue where there is damage or -infection - it allows WBCs to leave circulation
Define Chemotaxes
phenomenon in which damaged cells release chemicals that attract leukocytes
define pus
collection of bacteria, WBC, and damaged cells
WBC types
Granulocytes and agranulocytes
define granulocytes
Basophils
Eosinophils
Neutrophils
define agranulocytes
lymphocytes
monocytes
Basophils
produce heparin and histamine
heparin - anticoagulant
histamine - vasodilator, allergies
Eosinophils
kill certain parasites and worms by secreting toxic chemicals
neutrophils
most numerous of leukocytes
phagocytes
also release hydrogen peroxide and bleach - respiratory burst
lymphocytes
T cells, B cells, NK cells
monocytes
largest WBCs
become macrophages after leaving bloodstream
leukocytosis
high WBCs
leukopenia
low WBCs
Platelets
Thrombocytes
Start off as megakaryocytes, then fragment into platelets
Live only for 10 days
Release serotonin which causes vasoconstriction
Thrombocytosis
high platelet count
thrombocytopenia
low platelet count
petechiae
small bruise-like spots on the skin and mucous membrane
plasma proteins
most abundant solute in plasma
albumins
most abundant of plasma proteins
made in liver
ties with osmosis
hypoproteinemia
low plasma protein
may lead to swelling (edema)
plasma protein types
albumins
globulins
fibrinogen
globulins
transport of lipids
what antibodies are made of
fibrinogen
blood-clotting
hemostasis
stoppage of bleeding
1. vascular spasm
2. platelet plug
3. blood coagulation
clotting mechanisms
extrinsic - broken blood vessel, damaged tissue
intrinsic - surface of foreign object
vit. K needed for blood clotting
serum
plasma - blood clotting factors
thrombus
unwanted blood clot
embolus
piece of unwanted blood clot breaks and starts moving
embolism
piece of blood clot blocks a blood vessel
Antigen
Anything that stimulates the immune system to respond
Antibody
Y shaped protein made in response to antigen
Universal blood donor
0-
Universal recepient
AB+
Erythroblastosis Fetalis
Hemolytic disease of the newborn
Caused by incompatibility of RH factor (mom -, baby +)
Rhogam
Provided at 28 weeks and within 72 hours after birth if baby’s RH factor was incompatible with mom’s (baby is positive, mom negative)
Veins
Carry blood to the heart
Most carry deoxygenated blood (exception of pulmonary)
Arteries
Carry blood away from the heart
Most carry oxygenated blood (exception of pulmonary)
Capillaries
Join arteries and veins
Smallest, thinnest blood vessels
Site of gas exchange
Capillaries
Where is heart located
Mediastinum, toward the left
Pulmonary circuit
Load O2 into the blood and unload CO2 into the lungs
Systemic circuit
Unload O2 into the tissues and load CO2 to the blood
Endocardium
Layer of tissue inside the heart
Myocardium
Heart Muscle
Pericardium
Sac around the heart (serous)
Epicardium
Visceral pericardium
Cardiac tissue
Epicardium
Pericardium
Myocardium
Endocardium
Atrium/Atria
2 upper chambers
Auricles
Little flaps
Help atrium hold more blood
Ventricle/Ventricles
2 lower chambers
Septum/Septa
Tissue that divides the heart into left and right
Apex
Tip of the heart - at the bottom
Base
Top of the heart
Largest artery
Aorta
Largest Veins
Superior and Inferior vena cava
Purpose of heart valves
make sure that blood does not regurgitate
Atrioventricular
Semilunar
AV valve
Atrioventricular valve
Right - Tricuspid, RAV
Left - Bicuspid, LAV, mitral valve
SL Valve
Semilunar Valve
Pulmonary
Aortic
Pulmonary SL
Blood leaves right ventricle on its way to the lungs
Aortic SL
Blood leaves left ventricle on its way to aorta
Chorade tendinae
Heart strings
Prevent AV valves from flipping backwards / backflow
Ischemia
blood flow blocked off to tissue
Infarction
Blood flow gets cut off which results in tissue death
Angina Pectoris
Chest Pain
Myocardial Infarction
Heart Attack
Heart Sounds
Lubb / Dubb
AV valve - Lubb (closing)
SL Valve - Dubb (closing)
Conduction of electricity through the heart
SA node
AV node
AV bundle / bundle of his
Purkinje fibers (outer ventricular walls)
Heart’s natural pacemaker
SA node
ECG / EKG
Where the ions charge/move/generate electricity
P wave, T wave, QRS complex
P wave
atrial depolarization
QRS complex
ventricular depolarization and atrial repolarization (happen at the same time)
T wave
ventricular repolarization
Hyperkalemia
High levels of potassium (K) in the blood
Decrease the force of myocardial contraction
Leads to cardiac arrest
Hypokalemia
Low levels of potassium in the blood
Potential to develop abnormal heart rhythm
Hypercalcemia
High levels of calcium in the blood
Dangerously extended heart contraction, increases heart action
Hypocalcemia
Low levels of calcium in the blood
Depresses heart action
Vasoconstriction
Decrease in blood vessel diameter
Vasodilation
Increase in blood vessel diameter
Arrythmias
Abnormal heart rhythm
Fibrillation
Small areas of the myocardium contract in an uncoordinated, chaotic fashion
A-FIB, V-FIB
A-FIB
Not life threatening
Ventricles still pump blood
V-FIB
Can be deadly
Tachycardia
Over 100bpm
Bradycardia
Less than 60bpm
Flutter
250-350bpm
Normal adult heart rate
60-100bpm
Pulmonary edema
Lungs fill with fluid
Possible cause: failing left ventricle, damaged mitral valve
Blood pressure
Systolic/Diastolic
Ventricular systole/ventricular diastole
Systole
Contraction - occurs when ventricles contract
Diastole
Relaxation - occur when ventricles relax
Pulse
The alternating, expending, and recoiling of the arterial wall
Apical Pulse
Listening to the heart directly using stethoscope
Sites where an arterial pulse is most easily detected
Temporal (temple)
Facial (jaw)
Carotid (neck)
Brachial (elbow)
Radial (wrist)
Femoral (groin)
Popliteal (kneecap)
Dorsalis pedis (instep)
Posterior tibial (above the heel)
Atherosclerosis
buildup in an artery
Aneurysm
Weakened area of arterial wall bulges
Where are age related changes most apparent
In the Arteries
Primary hypertension
Essential/idiopathic
Cause is unknown
Secondary hypertension
Cause is knows from another condition
Flow of blood through the heart
Aorta - arteries - arterioles - capillaries - venules - veins - superior/inferior vena cava - right atrium - right AV valve - right ventricle - pulmonary valve - pulmonary arteries - lungs - pulmonary veins - left atrium - left AV valve - left ventricle - aortic valve
Deoxygenated blood
Right side of the heart
Oxygenated blood
Left side of the heart
