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APH217 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

Chapter 14 + Chapter 15

1
Q

What is blood made out of

A

45% formed elements (all blood cells)

55% plasma (liquid portion of blood)

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2
Q

Blood volume in males and females

A

5-6 litres in males

4-5 litres in females

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3
Q

Definition of hematocrit

A

Percentage of red blood cells in the sample of the whole blood (volume)

HCT

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4
Q

Average hematocrit percentage in males and females

A

40-54% in males

35-46% in females

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5
Q

Blood is more viscous than water by xxx

A

3-4 times

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6
Q

Normal PH of human blood

A

7.35 - 7.45

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7
Q

Creation of blood

A

Hematopoiesis

Homepoiesis

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8
Q

Red blood cell

A

Erythrocyte

RBC

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9
Q

Hemoglobin

A

Protein
Red Pigment

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10
Q

How much hemoglobin does healthy RBC have

A

250 million molecules of hemoglobin

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11
Q

What does hemoglobin do

A

carries o2 on ions of iron

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12
Q

What is hemoglobin made out of

A

made of 4 protein chains, each chain has 1 ion of FE+

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13
Q

What is oxyhemoglobin

A

Hemoglobin combined with oxygen

bright red

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14
Q

What is deoxyhemoglobin

A

hemoglobin with no oxygen (after it is released)

darker red

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15
Q

Define cyno

A

Blue

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16
Q

Define hypoxia

A

prolonged oxygen deficiency

causes cyanosis

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17
Q

Define cyanosis

A

condition in which skin and mucous membranes turn bluish due to high concentration of deoxyhemoglobin

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18
Q

Define nuclear extrusion

A

Red blood cells sacrifice the nuclei (DNA) to carry more oxygen

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19
Q

How long do RBCs live

A

120 days

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20
Q

When can we expect RBC number to increase

A

for several days after strenuous exercise

increased altitude

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21
Q

What do we call RBC formation and where does it occur

A

Erythropoiesis

in red bone marrow

in FETAL development - in yolk sac, liver, and spleen

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22
Q

Which protein is associated with erythropoiesis

A

Erythropoietin

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23
Q

Define Erythropoietin

A

EPO

used to control the rate of production of red blood cells

Mostly made by kidneys, rest by liver

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24
Q

How does erythropoietin work

A

By negative feedback mechanism

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25
Q

Define Polycythemia

A

excessive increase of red blood cells

makes blood more viscous

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26
Q

Define intrinsic factor

A

made in stomach, used in small intestine

required to absorb vitamin B12

influences RBC production (lack of B12 = abnormal RBCs)

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27
Q

What is needed for healthy RBCs

A

vit B12

folic acid

FE (iron)

Vit C (helps iron absorption)

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28
Q

What is anemia

A

reduction of red blood cells or reduction of hemoglobin’

a = lack of, without

nemia = blood

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29
Q

Define hemorrhagic anemia

A

decreased RBC numbers

caused by hemorrhage

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30
Q

Define hemolytic anemia

A

decreased RBCs

occurs when bacterial infections, or blood transfusion incompatibilities destroy RBC

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31
Q

Define pernicious anemia

A

decreased RBCs

occurs when deficiency of intrinsic factor from stomach causes inadequate B12 absorption

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32
Q

Define aplastic anemia

A

decreased RBC number

caused by destruction of bone marrow by radiation, cancer, certain medications, viruses, and poisons

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33
Q

which anemias are caused by decrease in RBCs

A

hemorrhagic anemia

hemolytic anemia

pernicious anemia

aplastic anemia

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34
Q

define iron deficiency anemia

A

decreased hemoglobin concentration

caused by dietary malnourishment, heavy menstruation, persistent bleeding

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35
Q

which anemias are caused by abnormal hemoglobin (genetic)

A

sickle cell anemia

thalassemia

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36
Q

define biliverdin

A

green pigment

converts into bilirubin

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37
Q

bilirubin

A

orange pigment

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38
Q

define white blood cells

A

WBCs

Leukocytes

protect against diseases

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39
Q

define diapedesis

A

leukocytes squeezing between the endothelial cells that form the walls of the smallest blood vessels to tissue where there is damage or -infection - it allows WBCs to leave circulation

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40
Q

Define Chemotaxes

A

phenomenon in which damaged cells release chemicals that attract leukocytes

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41
Q

define pus

A

collection of bacteria, WBC, and damaged cells

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42
Q

WBC types

A

Granulocytes and agranulocytes

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43
Q

define granulocytes

A

Basophils

Eosinophils

Neutrophils

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44
Q

define agranulocytes

A

lymphocytes

monocytes

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45
Q

Basophils

A

produce heparin and histamine
heparin - anticoagulant
histamine - vasodilator, allergies

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46
Q

Eosinophils

A

kill certain parasites and worms by secreting toxic chemicals

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47
Q

neutrophils

A

most numerous of leukocytes
phagocytes
also release hydrogen peroxide and bleach - respiratory burst

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48
Q

lymphocytes

A

T cells, B cells, NK cells

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49
Q

monocytes

A

largest WBCs
become macrophages after leaving bloodstream

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50
Q

leukocytosis

A

high WBCs

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51
Q

leukopenia

A

low WBCs

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52
Q

Platelets

A

Thrombocytes
Start off as megakaryocytes, then fragment into platelets
Live only for 10 days
Release serotonin which causes vasoconstriction

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53
Q

Thrombocytosis

A

high platelet count

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54
Q

thrombocytopenia

A

low platelet count

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55
Q

petechiae

A

small bruise-like spots on the skin and mucous membrane

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56
Q

plasma proteins

A

most abundant solute in plasma

57
Q

albumins

A

most abundant of plasma proteins
made in liver
ties with osmosis

58
Q

hypoproteinemia

A

low plasma protein
may lead to swelling (edema)

59
Q

plasma protein types

A

albumins
globulins
fibrinogen

60
Q

globulins

A

transport of lipids
what antibodies are made of

61
Q

fibrinogen

A

blood-clotting

62
Q

hemostasis

A

stoppage of bleeding
1. vascular spasm
2. platelet plug
3. blood coagulation

63
Q

clotting mechanisms

A

extrinsic - broken blood vessel, damaged tissue
intrinsic - surface of foreign object
vit. K needed for blood clotting

64
Q

serum

A

plasma - blood clotting factors

65
Q

thrombus

A

unwanted blood clot

66
Q

embolus

A

piece of unwanted blood clot breaks and starts moving

67
Q

embolism

A

piece of blood clot blocks a blood vessel

68
Q

Antigen

A

Anything that stimulates the immune system to respond

69
Q

Antibody

A

Y shaped protein made in response to antigen

70
Q

Universal blood donor

A

0-

71
Q

Universal recepient

A

AB+

72
Q

Erythroblastosis Fetalis

A

Hemolytic disease of the newborn
Caused by incompatibility of RH factor (mom -, baby +)

73
Q

Rhogam

A

Provided at 28 weeks and within 72 hours after birth if baby’s RH factor was incompatible with mom’s (baby is positive, mom negative)

74
Q

Veins

A

Carry blood to the heart
Most carry deoxygenated blood (exception of pulmonary)

75
Q

Arteries

A

Carry blood away from the heart
Most carry oxygenated blood (exception of pulmonary)

76
Q

Capillaries

A

Join arteries and veins
Smallest, thinnest blood vessels

77
Q

Site of gas exchange

A

Capillaries

78
Q

Where is heart located

A

Mediastinum, toward the left

79
Q

Pulmonary circuit

A

Load O2 into the blood and unload CO2 into the lungs

80
Q

Systemic circuit

A

Unload O2 into the tissues and load CO2 to the blood

81
Q

Endocardium

A

Layer of tissue inside the heart

82
Q

Myocardium

A

Heart Muscle

83
Q

Pericardium

A

Sac around the heart (serous)

84
Q

Epicardium

A

Visceral pericardium

85
Q

Cardiac tissue

A

Epicardium
Pericardium
Myocardium
Endocardium

86
Q

Atrium/Atria

A

2 upper chambers

86
Q

Auricles

A

Little flaps
Help atrium hold more blood

87
Q

Ventricle/Ventricles

A

2 lower chambers

88
Q

Septum/Septa

A

Tissue that divides the heart into left and right

89
Q

Apex

A

Tip of the heart - at the bottom

90
Q

Base

A

Top of the heart

91
Q

Largest artery

A

Aorta

92
Q

Largest Veins

A

Superior and Inferior vena cava

93
Q

Purpose of heart valves

A

make sure that blood does not regurgitate
Atrioventricular
Semilunar

94
Q

AV valve

A

Atrioventricular valve
Right - Tricuspid, RAV
Left - Bicuspid, LAV, mitral valve

95
Q

SL Valve

A

Semilunar Valve
Pulmonary
Aortic

96
Q

Pulmonary SL

A

Blood leaves right ventricle on its way to the lungs

97
Q

Aortic SL

A

Blood leaves left ventricle on its way to aorta

98
Q

Chorade tendinae

A

Heart strings
Prevent AV valves from flipping backwards / backflow

99
Q

Ischemia

A

blood flow blocked off to tissue

100
Q

Infarction

A

Blood flow gets cut off which results in tissue death

101
Q

Angina Pectoris

A

Chest Pain

102
Q

Myocardial Infarction

A

Heart Attack

103
Q

Heart Sounds

A

Lubb / Dubb
AV valve - Lubb (closing)
SL Valve - Dubb (closing)

104
Q

Conduction of electricity through the heart

A

SA node
AV node
AV bundle / bundle of his
Purkinje fibers (outer ventricular walls)

105
Q

Heart’s natural pacemaker

A

SA node

106
Q

ECG / EKG

A

Where the ions charge/move/generate electricity
P wave, T wave, QRS complex

107
Q

P wave

A

atrial depolarization

108
Q

QRS complex

A

ventricular depolarization and atrial repolarization (happen at the same time)

109
Q

T wave

A

ventricular repolarization

110
Q

Hyperkalemia

A

High levels of potassium (K) in the blood
Decrease the force of myocardial contraction
Leads to cardiac arrest

111
Q

Hypokalemia

A

Low levels of potassium in the blood
Potential to develop abnormal heart rhythm

112
Q

Hypercalcemia

A

High levels of calcium in the blood
Dangerously extended heart contraction, increases heart action

113
Q

Hypocalcemia

A

Low levels of calcium in the blood
Depresses heart action

114
Q

Vasoconstriction

A

Decrease in blood vessel diameter

115
Q

Vasodilation

A

Increase in blood vessel diameter

116
Q

Arrythmias

A

Abnormal heart rhythm

117
Q

Fibrillation

A

Small areas of the myocardium contract in an uncoordinated, chaotic fashion
A-FIB, V-FIB

118
Q

A-FIB

A

Not life threatening
Ventricles still pump blood

119
Q

V-FIB

A

Can be deadly

120
Q

Tachycardia

A

Over 100bpm

121
Q

Bradycardia

A

Less than 60bpm

122
Q

Flutter

A

250-350bpm

123
Q

Normal adult heart rate

A

60-100bpm

124
Q

Pulmonary edema

A

Lungs fill with fluid
Possible cause: failing left ventricle, damaged mitral valve

125
Q

Blood pressure

A

Systolic/Diastolic
Ventricular systole/ventricular diastole

126
Q

Systole

A

Contraction - occurs when ventricles contract

127
Q

Diastole

A

Relaxation - occur when ventricles relax

128
Q

Pulse

A

The alternating, expending, and recoiling of the arterial wall

129
Q

Apical Pulse

A

Listening to the heart directly using stethoscope

130
Q

Sites where an arterial pulse is most easily detected

A

Temporal (temple)
Facial (jaw)
Carotid (neck)
Brachial (elbow)
Radial (wrist)
Femoral (groin)
Popliteal (kneecap)
Dorsalis pedis (instep)
Posterior tibial (above the heel)

131
Q

Atherosclerosis

A

buildup in an artery

132
Q

Aneurysm

A

Weakened area of arterial wall bulges

133
Q

Where are age related changes most apparent

A

In the Arteries

134
Q

Primary hypertension

A

Essential/idiopathic
Cause is unknown

135
Q

Secondary hypertension

A

Cause is knows from another condition

136
Q

Flow of blood through the heart

A

Aorta - arteries - arterioles - capillaries - venules - veins - superior/inferior vena cava - right atrium - right AV valve - right ventricle - pulmonary valve - pulmonary arteries - lungs - pulmonary veins - left atrium - left AV valve - left ventricle - aortic valve

137
Q

Deoxygenated blood

A

Right side of the heart

138
Q

Oxygenated blood

A

Left side of the heart

APH217 (10 decks)

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