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APH217 > Quiz 2 > Flashcards

Quiz 2 Flashcards

Lymphatic system

1
Q

3 purposes of the lymphatic system

A

1.Return of fluid to the bloodstream (plasma - interstitial fluid - lymph)
2. Lymph is filtered by lymph nodes (immunology) - (lymphocytes and macrophages)
3. Lymphatic capillaries (lacteals) pick up dietary fats in the small intestine

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2
Q

Lymphatic vessels are similar to..

A

Veins

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3
Q

Lymph aided in circulating through its vessels by movement of

A

skeletal muscles

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4
Q

Right lymphatic duct

A

Right half of the head, neck, chest, right arm

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5
Q

Thoracic duct

A

Drains more - everywhere that the right lymphatic duct does not

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6
Q

Where do both right lymphatic and thoracic duct drain

A

to subclavian veins

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7
Q

MALT

A

Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue

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8
Q

Name MALT tissues

A

Tonsils
Appendix
Peyer’s patches (small intestine)

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9
Q

Lymphadenitis

A

Inflamed lymph nodes

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10
Q

Lymphangitis

A

Lymphatic vessels inflamed due to bacterial infection, red streaks on skin

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11
Q

Location of lymph nodes

A

Cervical
Axillary
Supratrochlear
Pelvic
Abdominal
Thoracic
Inguinal

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12
Q

Which lymph node is often enlarged in children and why

A

Supratrochlear region - medial elbow
due to cut and scrapes on hands

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13
Q

Immune surveillance

A

Lymphocytes and macrophages destroying items filtered out of lymph

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14
Q

Thymus gland

A

In the mediastinum
T-cells mature here with the help hormones called thymosins
Larger in infancy/childhood

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15
Q

Mature T cell

A

Distinguishes self from non self

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16
Q

Spleen

A

Largest lymphatic organ
Reservoir of red blood cells

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17
Q

Describe 2 pulps found in spleen

A

Red pulp and white pulp
Both types of pulps contain lymphocytes and macrophages
Worn out RBCs are filtered in the red pulp

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18
Q

Innate immunity

A

Nonspecific defenses of immunity
Something we are born with
1st and 2nd lines of defenses

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19
Q

Adaptive immunity

A

Specific defenses of immunity
3rd line of defense

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20
Q

1st line of defense

A

Innate // Mechanical barries such as: intact skin, mucous membranes, cilia, hair, tears, saliva. urine

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21
Q

2nd line of defense

A

Innate // Chemical barriers such as inflammation, phagocytosis, NK cells, fever

22
Q

Describe inflammation

A
  1. redness - from increased blood flow aided by vasodilation
  2. swelling - from increased capillary permeability
  3. heat - hot to the touch. blood is arriving from deeper body parts
  4. pain - stimulated by nearby pain receptors
23
Q

Fever

A

The spleen and liver sequester iron because iron is necessary for bacterial and fungal metabolism in the blood, fever also stimulates phagocytosis

24
Q

NK cells

A

Natural killer cells
Puncture “lyse” cell membranes of enemy cells
Performed through the production of perforin

25
Q

3rd line of defense

A

Specific // Adaptive
Antigens, T cells, B cells, Plasma cells

26
Q

Antigen (types)

A

Proteins
Polysaccharides
Glycoproteins
Glycolipids

27
Q

Lymphocyte origins

A

Begins in fetal development

28
Q

T cells

A

Target tumor cells, cancer cells, and cells infected with viruses. DO NOT GO AFTER BACTERIA - neutrophils DO
Differentiate into cytotoxic and helper cells

29
Q

Cytotoxic T cells

A

Kill enemy cells
Also involved in tissue rejection

30
Q

Helper T cells

A

Produce chemicals called cytokines that stimulate other WBCs to act

31
Q

B cells

A

Once immune system is activated, they differentiate into memory cells and plasma cells

32
Q

Memory cells

A

They remember an antigen previously exposed to in order to speed up the making of appropriate antibodies after being exposed to the same antigen
Detectable levels of antigen in 1-2 days instead of 5-10 days

33
Q

Plasma cells

A

Produce Y shaped proteins called antibodies (also called immunoglobulins)
Antibodies combine with the antigen on the pathogen and destroy the pathogen by marking it for phagocytosis

34
Q

Which immunity is fast/slow?

A

Innate immunity is fast
Adaptive immunity is slow

35
Q

Active immunity

A

The person’s own body makes the antibodies

36
Q

Passive immunity

A

The person receives antibodies from another person or an animal

37
Q

Naturally acquired active immunity

A

Person exposed to the pathogen from a person or vector who spread the pathogen

38
Q

Artificially acquired active immunity

A

Person receives a vaccine / immunization

39
Q

Naturally acquired passive immunity

A

Receiving antibodies from the mother’s placenta or breastmilk

40
Q

Artificially acquired passive immunity

A

Person is medically administered antibodies

41
Q

Hypersensitivity reaction

A

Type 1. Allergy
Type 2. Mismatched blood transfusion
Type 3. Autoimmune response (body attacking itself)
Type 4. Delayed hypersensitivity reaction

42
Q

Explain delayed hypersensitivity reaction

A

skin exposure to certain chemicals may not show until 2-3 days later

43
Q

Life threatening allergic reaction

A

Anaphelaxis / Anaphylactic shock

44
Q

Which cells target transplant tissue

A

Cytotoxic T cells

45
Q

Different graft types

A

Isograft
Autograft
Allograft
Xenograft

46
Q

Isograft

A

Identication (identical twin)

47
Q

Autograft

A

Self

48
Q

Allograft

A

Same species, different person (living or dead)

49
Q

Xenograft

A

Different species

50
Q

Autoimmunity

A

Immune system fails to distinguish against self - autoantibodies

APH217 (10 decks)

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