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APH217 > QUIZ 1 Chapter 14 > Flashcards

QUIZ 1 Chapter 14 Flashcards

BLOOD

1
Q

What is blood made out of

A

45% formed elements (all blood cells)

55% plasma (liquid portion of blood)

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2
Q

Blood volume in males and females

A

5-6 litres in males

4-5 litres in females

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3
Q

Definition of hematocrit

A

Percentage of red blood cells in the sample of the whole blood (volume)

HCT

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4
Q

Average hematocrit percentage in males and females

A

40-54% in males

35-46% in females

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5
Q

What is viscosity

A

Thickness

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6
Q

Blood is more viscous than water by xxx

A

3-4 times

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7
Q

Normal PH of human blood

A

7.35 - 7.45

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8
Q

Definition of poiesis

A

Creation

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9
Q

Creation of blood

A

Hematopoiesis

Homepoiesis

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10
Q

Red blood cell

A

Erythrocyte

RBC

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11
Q

Hemoglobin

A

protein

red pigment

carries o2 on ions of iron, where oxygen attaches

made of 4 protein chains, each chain has 1 ion of FE+

1 healthy RBC has 250mil molecules of hemoglobin

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12
Q

What is oxyhemoglobin

A

Hemoglobin combined with oxygen
bright red

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13
Q

What is deoxyhemoglobin

A

hemoglobin with no oxygen (after it is released)

darker red

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14
Q

Define cyno

A

Blue

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15
Q

Define hypoxia

A

prolonged oxygen deficiency

causes cyanosis

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16
Q

Define cyanosis

A

condition in which skin and mucous membranes turn bluish due to high concentration of deoxyhemoglobin

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17
Q

Define nuclear extrusion

A

Red blood cells sacrifice the nuclei (DNA) to carry more oxygen

They release it upon their release from red bone marrow

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18
Q

How long do RBCs live

A

120 days

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19
Q

Explain RBC filtration and removal

A

spleen and liver filter the RBCs and remove the damaged/old one from circulation

macrophages phagocytize and dismantle RBCs

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20
Q

When can we expect RBC number to increase

A

for several days after strenuous exercise

increased altitude

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21
Q

What do we call RBC formation and where does it occurs

A

Erythropoiesis

in red bone marrow

in FETAL development - in yolk sac, liver, and spleen

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22
Q

Which protein is associated with erythropoiesis

A

Erythropoietin

EPO

used to control the rate of production of red blood cells

Mostly made by kidneys, rest by liver

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23
Q

How does erythropoietin work

A

By negative feedback mechanism

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24
Q

Define Polycythemia

A

excessive increase of red blood cells

makes blood more viscous

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25
Q

Define intrinsic factor

A

made in stomach, used in small intestine

required to absorb vitamin B12

influences RBC production (lack of B12 = abnormal RBCs)

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26
Q

What is needed for healthy RBCs

A

vit B12

folic acid

FE (iron)

Vit C (helps iron absorption)

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27
Q

What is anemia

A

reduction of red blood cells or reduction of hemoglobin’

a = lack of, without

nemia = blood

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28
Q

Define hemorrhagic anemia

A

decreased RBC numbers

caused by hemorrhage

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29
Q

Define hemolytic anemia

A

decreased RBCs

occurs when bacterial infections, or blood transfusion incompatibilities destroy RBCs

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30
Q

Define pernicious anemia

A

decreased RBCs

occurs when deficiency of intrinsic factor from stomach causes inadequate B12 absorption

31
Q

define aplastic anemia

A

decreased RBC number

caused by destruction of bone marrow by radiation, cancer, certain medications, viruses, and poisons

32
Q

which anemias are caused by decreased RBC number

A

hemorrhagic anemia

hemolytic anemia

pernicious anemia

aplastic anemia

33
Q

define iron deficiency anemia

A

decreased hemoglobin concentration

caused by dietary malnourishment, heavy menstruation, persistent bleeding

34
Q

which anemias are caused by abnormal hemoglobin

A

sickle cell anemia

thalassemia

35
Q

define sickle cell anemia

A

variant in a gene resulting in abnormal hemoglobin structure

36
Q

define thalassemia

A

variant in a gene resulting in deficient hemoglobin - red blood cells are short lived

37
Q

define biliverdin

A

green pigment

converts into bilirubin

38
Q

bilirubin

A

orange pigment

in the bile

39
Q

define white blood cells

A

WBCs

Leukocytes

protect against diseases

40
Q

define diapedesis

A

leukocytes squeezing between the endothelial cells that form the walls of the smallest blood vessels to tissue where there is damage or -infection - it allows WBCs to leave circulation

41
Q

Define Chemotaxes

A

phenomenon in which damaged cells release chemicals that attract leukocytes

42
Q

define pus

A

collection of bacteria, WBC, and damaged cells

43
Q

WBC types

A

Granulocytes and agranulocytes

44
Q

define granulocytes

A

Basophils

Eosinophils

Neutrophils

45
Q

define agranulocytes

A

lymphocytes

monocytes

46
Q

Basophils

A

produce heparin and histamine
heparin - anticoagulant
histamine - vasodilator, allergies

47
Q

Eosinophils

A

kill certain parasites and worms by secreting toxic chemicals

48
Q

neutrophils

A

most numerous of leukocytes
phagocytes
also release hydrogen peroxide and bleach - respiratory burst

49
Q

lymphocytes

A

T cells, B cells, NK cells

50
Q

T cells

A

directly attack microorganisms, tumor cells, transplanted cells

51
Q

B cells

A

produce antibodies

52
Q

NK cells

A

natural killer cells

53
Q

monocytes

A

largest WBCs
become macrophages after leaving bloodstream

54
Q

leukocytosis

A

high WBCs

55
Q

leukopenia

A

low WBCs

56
Q

differential white blood cell count

A

levels of different WBCs

57
Q

Platelets

A

Thrombocytes
Start off as megakaryocytes, then fragment into platelets
Live only for 10 days
Release serotonin which causes contraction of smooth muscle in blood vessels (vasoconstriction)

58
Q

Thrombocytosis

A

high platelet count

59
Q

thrombocytopenia

A

low platelet count

60
Q

petechiae

A

small bruise-like spots on the skin and mucous membrane

61
Q

plasma proteins

A

most abundant solute in plasma

62
Q

albumins

A

most abundant of plasma proteins
made in liver
ties with osmosis

63
Q

osmotic pressure

A

The net pressure that drives reabsorption

64
Q

hypoproteinemia

A

low plasma protein
may lead to swelling (edema)

65
Q

plasma protein types

A

albumins
globulins
fibrinogen

66
Q

globulins

A

transport of lipids
what antibodies are made of

67
Q

fibrinogen

A

blood-clotting

68
Q

hemostasis

A

stoppage of bleeding
1. vascular spasm
2. platelet plug
3. blood coagulation

69
Q

clotting mechanisms

A

extrinsic - broken blood vessel, damaged tissue
intrinsic - surface of foreign object
vit. K needed for blood clotting

70
Q

serum

A

plasma - blood clotting factors

71
Q

thrombus

A

unwanted blood clot

72
Q

embolus

A

piece of unwanted blood clot breaks and starts moving

73
Q

embolism

A

piece of blood clot blocks a blood vessel

APH217 (10 decks)

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