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APH217 > Quiz 4 > Flashcards

Quiz 4 Flashcards

Chapter 20 - Urinary

1
Q

Retroperitoneal cavity

A

“behind”
where kidneys reside - located against the muscles of the back in their own cavity

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2
Q

Adipose tissue

A

connective tissue, surrounds and cushions kidneys and holds them in place

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3
Q

Which kidney is usually lower/higher

A

Left kidney is usually higher, because of the liver on the right

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4
Q

Structure of the kidney (medula, cortex, pelvis)

A

renal medulla - middle of the kidney
renal cortex - outer layer
renal pelvis - where urine collects and empties into ureters

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5
Q

Renal pyramids

A

cone shaped areas in the kidney where the renal cortex dips down

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6
Q

Renal columns

A

dipped down areas of the renal cortex in between renal pyramids

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7
Q

Functional unit of the kidneys

A

Nephrons - 1 to 1.5 mil per kidney
Main function is to filter blood.
Also filter out other things like hydrogen ions, bacteria, antibiotics

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8
Q

Functions of the kidneys (one word)

A

Regulate
Remove
Control
Form

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9
Q

What do kidneys regulate

A

Volume and composition of body fluids
Blood pressure through production of enzyme renin

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10
Q

What do kidneys remove

A

metabolic wastes, excess water, and excess electrolytes

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11
Q

what do kidneys control

A

rate of erythropoiesis through the hormone erythropoietin

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12
Q

what do kidneys form

A

the active form of vitamin D

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13
Q

Renal corpuscle is composed of what 2 structures

A

Glomerulus - cluster of capillaries
Glomerular capsule - Bowman’s capsule, saclike structure surrounding glomerulus

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14
Q

Ingoing and outgoing vessels of gromerulus

A

Afferent arterioles - carries blood to the clusters
Efferent arterioles - carries blood away from the clusters

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15
Q

Renal tubule structure in order

A

Proximal tubule
Nephron loop / loop of Henle descending limb
Nephron loop ascending limb
Distal tubule

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16
Q

Peritubular capillaries

A

network of capillaries surrounding the exterior of the nephron loop

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17
Q

Acute vs chronic glomerulonephritis

A

Inflammation of the glomeruli
Acute - 1 to 3 weeks after Streptococcal infection, antigen-antibody complex blocks glomeruli. Most people regain kidney function
Chronic - progressive, eventually the kidneys fail, more likely to die from

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18
Q

Nephritis

A

Inflammation of the kidneys

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19
Q

Figure 12.20 structure in order

A

glomerulus > glomerular capsule > proximal tubule > descending limb > ascending limb > distal tubule > collecting duct > minor calyx > major calyx > renal pelvis > ureter > urinary bladder > urethra

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20
Q

Renal corpuscle (figure 20.12)

A

glomerulus > glomerular capsule

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21
Q

Urine formation (figure 20.12)

A

Glomerulus > glomerular capsule > proximal tubule > descending limb > ascending limb > distal tubule > collecting duct

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22
Q

Parts of nephron (20.12)

A

glomerulus > glomerular capsule > proximal tubule > descending limb > ascending limb > distal tubule

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23
Q

Drainage system (20.12)

A

minor calyx > major calyx > renal pelvis > ureter

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24
Q

urine secretion (20.12)

A

minor calyx > major calyx > renal pelvis > ureter > urinary bladder > urethra

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25
Q

Storage structure (20.12)

A

urinary bladder

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26
Q

elimination structure (20.12)

A

urethra

27
Q

3 steps of urine formation

A
  1. Glomerular filtration
  2. Tubular reabsorption
  3. Tubular secretion
28
Q

glomerular filtration

A

Water, smaller molecules, ions filtered out leaving larger molecules (proteins) behind in plasma

29
Q

Glomerular filtrate

A

initially similar to interstitial fluid, lymph, and plasma, minus large proteins

30
Q

Pressure that drives glomerular filtration

A

hydrostatic pressure: things moving from higher to lower pressure inside the glomerular capillaries

31
Q

GFR

A

glomerular filtration rate
the most commonly measured index of kidney function

32
Q

how many times a day is plasma filtered

A

60 times a day

33
Q

How many liters of fluid are filtered
How much becomes urine

A

24 hours: filter 180 L
0.6-2.5 L become urine

34
Q

Glomerular filtrate will continue to be produced if

A

as long as the systemic blood pressure maintains normal limits

35
Q

what happens when GFR is too slow vs too fast

A

Too fast: increased urine output, more substances end up in the urine
Too slow: increased reabsorption of water and other substances, decreased urine output

36
Q

keeping GFR constant by adjusting what

A

to maintain homeostasis, the body must adjust glomerular blood pressure

37
Q

Tubular reabsorption

A

From the renal tubules to the peritubular capillaries

38
Q

4 items reclaimed through tubular reabsorption

A

Extra Water
Extra Electrolytes
Amino acids
Glucose

39
Q

Renal plasma threshold

A

normally all of the filtered glucose is reabsorbed back into the bloodstream
when the blood’s renal plasma threshold is exceeded, some of the glucose will end up in the urine

40
Q

Glycosuria

A

glucose in urine

41
Q

Diuresis

A

increase in urine volume

42
Q

endocytosis used to reclaim what molecules

A

Smaller proteins such as albumins

43
Q

Na+ ions - which percentage is reabsorbed and by what process

A

approximately 70% reabsorbed by active transport

44
Q

Nephrotic syndrome

A

proteinuria (plasma proteins are being lost)
leads to edema

45
Q

Tubular secretion

A

from the peritubular capillaries to the renal tubules

46
Q

Urea, uric acid, each derives from the catabolism of what

A

urea: catabolism of amino acids (breaking down)
uric acid: the catabolism of purines (adenine and guanine)

47
Q

Gout

A

type of arthritis- uric acid crystals fill up in the joints

48
Q

pH of urine influenced by reabsorption or secretion of what

A

by absorption/secretion of H+ (hydrogen ion)

49
Q

Probenecid

A
  1. given with certain antibiotics to block tubular secretions to increase antibiotic levels in the blood.
  2. increases secretion of uric acid in patients with gout
50
Q

Urine is ____% water

A

95%

51
Q

4 common solutes in urine. Which one is the most prevalent

A

Urea - most abundant
Uric acid
Creatinine
Creatine

52
Q

4 items that should not be in urine

A

Glucose
Proteins
Ketones
Blood cells

53
Q

Renal clearance (tests)

A

the rate of which a chemical is removed from the plasma
Tests include:
Inulin clearance
creatinine clearance test

54
Q

Ureters

A

from kidneys to the bladder
smooth muscle for peristalsis that help move the urine down.

55
Q

Urethra

A

from bladder to the outside of the body

56
Q

ESWL

A

extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (procedure that breaks down stones)

57
Q

nephrolithiasis

A

kidney stones

58
Q

2 urethral sphincters

A

2 - internal and external

59
Q

Male’s internal urethral sphincter prevents what

A

prevents the flow of semen into the bladder during ejaculation

60
Q

Trigone

A

floor of the bladder

61
Q

Detrusor

A

smooth muscle of the bladder

62
Q

micturition

A

also known as urination or voiding the bladder

63
Q

The formation of angiotensin (BP regulation - figure 20.19)

A

Liver: produces angiotensinogen
Kidneys: produce Renin > Angiotensin 1
Renin converts angiotensinogen to Angiotensin 1
Lungs: produce angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE)
This converts angiotensin 1 to angiotensin 2
= causes vasoconstriction, which increases BP

64
Q

medications that lower BP

A

ACE inhibitors

APH217 (10 decks)

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