quiz #4 - respiratory pathologies Flashcards
common cold
upper respiratory tract infection causing acute inflammation of mucosa of nose & pharynx (throat), sometimes larynx (voice box)
-very contagious
-may spread to ears, sinuses, lungs
common cold - cause
-virus enters through mouth or nose (airborne) or by host touching contaminated object (fomite)
-most commonly caused by rhinovirus
sinusitis
chronic (over 12 weeks) or acute (4 weeks) inflammation of mucosa of nasal sinuses
-usually acute & lasts 4 weeks
pharyngitis
inflammation of pharynx or throat, “sore throat”
-usually caused by virus or bacteria
-involves tonsils (tonsillitis), spreads via droplets in air
laryngitis
inflammation of larynx (voice box)
-often symptom from something else like cold, flu or pneumonia
-may be acute (1 week) or chronic (longer than 1 week)
laryngeal cancer
malignant cells form in larynx
-common in men aged 50 to 70 years
-cancer cells grow uncontrollably & damage nearby tissues
-heavy cigarette smoking, heavy drinking, occupational exposure
influenza virus
virus infection of upper respiratory tract, may invade lower
-very contagious & spreads in 1-3 days
-elderly, infants & immunocompromised individuals at high risk for complications
infectious mononucleosis (Epstein-Barr Virus) (“kissing disease”)
viral infection that is contagious & affects mainly 15-21 year olds
-transmitted by saliva, respiratory droplets or by touching contaminated object (fomite)
-life long infection
pleurisy (pleuritis)
inflammation of pleural membranes surrounding lungs
-wet: increase in intrapleural fluids (pleural effusion)
-dry: decrease in intrapleural fluids
pneumothorax (collapsed lung)
collapsed lung, air leaks into space between lung & chest wall, air pushes on outside of lungs & they collapse
-could be a part of lung/ whole lung
-most in smokers, lung disease or if on mechanical ventilation
pneumonia
inflammation of air sacs in lungs (alveoli) caused by bacterial or viral infection, often preceded by cold or flu
-air sacs & bronchioles fill with fluid, debris & cellular wastes like pus which aids in duplication/ replication of pathogen, spreading into lungs
how much % of pneumonia is bacterial?
75%
pleural effusion
build up of excess fluid between layers (parietal & visceral) of pleura lining lungs called pleural cavity/ space
pulmonary arterial hypertension
-high BP affects arteries in lungs
-arteries narrowed, blocked, destroyed
-slows blood flow throughout lungs & raises BP in arteries
-heart has to work harder to pump blood through lungs
pulmonary edema
excess fluid in lungs collecting in air sacs, making it difficult to breath due to lack of oxygen, may be serious
respiratory failure type I & II
respiratory system fails to maintain its gas exchange functions
Type 1: hypoxemic, impaired at alveolar/capillary membrane or respiratory exchange membrane
Type 2: hypercapnic, respiratory pump failure
tuberculosis
contagious, bacterial lung infection
-may also affect liver, bone marrow or spleen
-most widespread disease in world (2 million deaths annually)
primary tuberculosis
-macrophages, lymphocytes & other cells encapsulate bacteria & form granulosum or tubercle, inhibiting its spread, not killing it
-tubercle forms cheesy material called “caseation” (form of caseous necrosis), scar tissue forms, further encapsulating bacteria
secondary tuberculosis
reactivation of primary by rupturing tubercle & releasing bacterium into bloodstream, HIV causes this often, also cancer, diabetes, meds like immunosuppressants/ corticosteroids
-more severe, with blood vessel damage & lung tissue damage called cavitation
-also spreads throughout body via bloodstream affecting other tissues
lung cancer
cancerous growth in lungs, leading cause of cancer deaths in western industrialized countries, survival rate is low & overall cure rate only 15%
primary lung cancer
highly invasive & metastasizes early especially to liver, kidneys, adrenals & to bone tissue
secondary lung cancer
more common, venous return & lymphatic vessels bring cancer cells from body to heart, then to lungs where they lodge into small blood vessels & replicate, cause damage
-smokers over 50 at highest risk
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
group of respiratory diseases characterized by persistent or recurring obstruction of airflow
COPD types
-Chronic Bronchitis
-Bronchiectasis
-Emphysema
-Cystic Fibrosis
-Asthma
-Obstructive Sleep Apnea
-Pneumoconiosis
chronic bronchitis (COPD)
inflammation of bronchial mucosa causing swelling & hypersecretion of mucus, impairs ciliary action & narrows airways, eventually causing irreversible fibrotic changes in bronchial lining
=”blue bloater”
emphysema
permanent enlargement of lower airways with destruction of alveolar walls, making them less stretchable
= “pink puffer”
asthma
chronic, inflammatory disorder of airways characterized by bronchial obstruction
-asthmatic attack happens when bronchiole muscle walls are in spasm
pneumoconiosis
interstitial lung disease caused by irritating dust particle inhalation
-develops gradually over long period of time
-dust deposits into tissues causing chronic inflammation, fibrosis & infection
asbestosis - pneumoconiosis
dust particle is asbestos, most common type of pneumoconiosis
anthracosis - pneumoconiosis
dust particle is coal dust, also called “Black Lung” disease
silicosis - pneumoconiosis
dust particle is crystalline silica dust
bronchiectasis
irreversible dilation of bronchi from infection or inflammation of airways, weakens bronchial walls
-sacs form in these weakened areas & fill up with fluid
bronchiolitis
common lung viral infection in young children & infants, causing inflammation & congestion in bronchioles
cystic fibrosis (COPD)
progressive genetic disorder, causes hypersecretion of cells that produce mucus, saliva & digestive juices
-secretions narrow & obstruct respiratory & digestive tracts
obstructive sleep apnea (COPD)
-anobstruction, not really disease,
temporary cessation of breathing (lasting 15 seconds)
-more often men than women
-hypoxia common
-oxygen low, carbon dioxide is too high
obstructive sleep apnea vs. central sleep apnea
-obstructive: more common, occurs when upper airflow blocked, associated with obesity
-central: less common (<10%), occurs when brain fails to transmit signals to breathing centre & intercostal muscles, may be associated with cardiovascular diseases like hypertension
pulmonary edema (COPD)
-excess amounts of fluid in lungs causing them to swell & interferes with ability to contract & expand during inspiration
-decreases amount of gas exchange
pulmonary embolism (COPD)
-blood clot of foreign material occludes pulmonary artery partially/ completely
-clot usually begins in veins of lower extremity (DVT), works its way up to heart & into pulmonary artery in lungs
acute respiratory distress syndrome
severe life threatening condition of widespread inflammation in lungs causing fluid build-up & imminent respiratory failure
