quiz #4 - respiratory pathologies

Question 1

common cold

Answer 1

upper respiratory tract infection causing acute inflammation of mucosa of nose & pharynx (throat), sometimes larynx (voice box)
-very contagious
-may spread to ears, sinuses, lungs

Question 2

common cold - cause

Answer 2

-virus enters through mouth or nose (airborne) or by host touching contaminated object (fomite)
-most commonly caused by rhinovirus

Question 3

sinusitis

Answer 3

chronic (over 12 weeks) or acute (4 weeks) inflammation of mucosa of nasal sinuses
-usually acute & lasts 4 weeks

Question 4

pharyngitis

Answer 4

inflammation of pharynx or throat, “sore throat”
-usually caused by virus or bacteria
-involves tonsils (tonsillitis), spreads via droplets in air

Question 5

laryngitis

Answer 5

inflammation of larynx (voice box)
-often symptom from something else like cold, flu or pneumonia
-may be acute (1 week) or chronic (longer than 1 week)

Question 6

laryngeal cancer

Answer 6

malignant cells form in larynx
-common in men aged 50 to 70 years
-cancer cells grow uncontrollably & damage nearby tissues
-heavy cigarette smoking, heavy drinking, occupational exposure

Question 7

influenza virus

Answer 7

virus infection of upper respiratory tract, may invade lower
-very contagious & spreads in 1-3 days
-elderly, infants & immunocompromised individuals at high risk for complications

Question 8

infectious mononucleosis (Epstein-Barr Virus) (“kissing disease”)

Answer 8

viral infection that is contagious & affects mainly 15-21 year olds
-transmitted by saliva, respiratory droplets or by touching contaminated object (fomite)
-life long infection

Question 9

pleurisy (pleuritis)

Answer 9

inflammation of pleural membranes surrounding lungs
-wet: increase in intrapleural fluids (pleural effusion)
-dry: decrease in intrapleural fluids

Question 10

pneumothorax (collapsed lung)

Answer 10

collapsed lung, air leaks into space between lung & chest wall, air pushes on outside of lungs & they collapse
-could be a part of lung/ whole lung
-most in smokers, lung disease or if on mechanical ventilation

Question 11

pneumonia

Answer 11

inflammation of air sacs in lungs (alveoli) caused by bacterial or viral infection, often preceded by cold or flu
-air sacs & bronchioles fill with fluid, debris & cellular wastes like pus which aids in duplication/ replication of pathogen, spreading into lungs

Question 12

how much % of pneumonia is bacterial?

Answer 12

75%

Question 13

pleural effusion

Answer 13

build up of excess fluid between layers (parietal & visceral) of pleura lining lungs called pleural cavity/ space

Question 14

pulmonary arterial hypertension

Answer 14

-high BP affects arteries in lungs
-arteries narrowed, blocked, destroyed
-slows blood flow throughout lungs & raises BP in arteries
-heart has to work harder to pump blood through lungs

Question 15

pulmonary edema

Answer 15

excess fluid in lungs collecting in air sacs, making it difficult to breath due to lack of oxygen, may be serious

Question 16

respiratory failure type I & II

Answer 16

respiratory system fails to maintain its gas exchange functions
Type 1: hypoxemic, impaired at alveolar/capillary membrane or respiratory exchange membrane
Type 2: hypercapnic, respiratory pump failure

Question 17

tuberculosis

Answer 17

contagious, bacterial lung infection
-may also affect liver, bone marrow or spleen
-most widespread disease in world (2 million deaths annually)

Question 18

primary tuberculosis

Answer 18

-macrophages, lymphocytes & other cells encapsulate bacteria & form granulosum or tubercle, inhibiting its spread, not killing it
-tubercle forms cheesy material called “caseation” (form of caseous necrosis), scar tissue forms, further encapsulating bacteria

Question 19

secondary tuberculosis

Answer 19

reactivation of primary by rupturing tubercle & releasing bacterium into bloodstream, HIV causes this often, also cancer, diabetes, meds like immunosuppressants/ corticosteroids
-more severe, with blood vessel damage & lung tissue damage called cavitation
-also spreads throughout body via bloodstream affecting other tissues

Question 20

lung cancer

Answer 20

cancerous growth in lungs, leading cause of cancer deaths in western industrialized countries, survival rate is low & overall cure rate only 15%

Question 21

primary lung cancer

Answer 21

highly invasive & metastasizes early especially to liver, kidneys, adrenals & to bone tissue

Question 22

secondary lung cancer

Answer 22

more common, venous return & lymphatic vessels bring cancer cells from body to heart, then to lungs where they lodge into small blood vessels & replicate, cause damage
-smokers over 50 at highest risk

Question 23

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

Answer 23

group of respiratory diseases characterized by persistent or recurring obstruction of airflow

Question 24

COPD types

Answer 24

-Chronic Bronchitis
-Bronchiectasis
-Emphysema
-Cystic Fibrosis
-Asthma
-Obstructive Sleep Apnea
-Pneumoconiosis

Question 25

chronic bronchitis (COPD)

Answer 25

inflammation of bronchial mucosa causing swelling & hypersecretion of mucus, impairs ciliary action & narrows airways, eventually causing irreversible fibrotic changes in bronchial lining
=”blue bloater”

Question 26

emphysema

Answer 26

permanent enlargement of lower airways with destruction of alveolar walls, making them less stretchable
= “pink puffer”

Question 27

asthma

Answer 27

chronic, inflammatory disorder of airways characterized by bronchial obstruction
-asthmatic attack happens when bronchiole muscle walls are in spasm

Question 28

pneumoconiosis

Answer 28

interstitial lung disease caused by irritating dust particle inhalation
-develops gradually over long period of time
-dust deposits into tissues causing chronic inflammation, fibrosis & infection

Question 29

asbestosis - pneumoconiosis

Answer 29

dust particle is asbestos, most common type of pneumoconiosis

Question 30

anthracosis - pneumoconiosis

Answer 30

dust particle is coal dust, also called “Black Lung” disease

Question 31

silicosis - pneumoconiosis

Answer 31

dust particle is crystalline silica dust

Question 32

bronchiectasis

Answer 32

irreversible dilation of bronchi from infection or inflammation of airways, weakens bronchial walls
-sacs form in these weakened areas & fill up with fluid

Question 33

bronchiolitis

Answer 33

common lung viral infection in young children & infants, causing inflammation & congestion in bronchioles

Question 34

cystic fibrosis (COPD)

Answer 34

progressive genetic disorder, causes hypersecretion of cells that produce mucus, saliva & digestive juices
-secretions narrow & obstruct respiratory & digestive tracts

Question 35

obstructive sleep apnea (COPD)

Answer 35

-anobstruction, not really disease,
temporary cessation of breathing (lasting 15 seconds)
-more often men than women
-hypoxia common
-oxygen low, carbon dioxide is too high

Question 36

obstructive sleep apnea vs. central sleep apnea

Answer 36

-obstructive: more common, occurs when upper airflow blocked, associated with obesity

-central: less common (<10%), occurs when brain fails to transmit signals to breathing centre & intercostal muscles, may be associated with cardiovascular diseases like hypertension

Question 37

pulmonary edema (COPD)

Answer 37

-excess amounts of fluid in lungs causing them to swell & interferes with ability to contract & expand during inspiration
-decreases amount of gas exchange

Question 38

pulmonary embolism (COPD)

Answer 38

-blood clot of foreign material occludes pulmonary artery partially/ completely
-clot usually begins in veins of lower extremity (DVT), works its way up to heart & into pulmonary artery in lungs

Question 39

acute respiratory distress syndrome

Answer 39

severe life threatening condition of widespread inflammation in lungs causing fluid build-up & imminent respiratory failure