quiz #1 - hints Flashcards
nociceptive pain
activated by nociceptive receptors
ways to evaluate pain
-visual analog scale
-pain faces
-numerical rating scale (1-10)
-categorical (mild, moderate, severe)
-pain drawings
-Mcgill questionnaire
addiction
dependance & withdrawal cycle
bipolar disorder & best treatment
when people develop massive mood swings
best treatment for bipolar: lithium → mood stabilizer, makes people happy
key features of depression
- sleep abnormalities
- loss of interest in normal activities
- decreased energy levels
PTSD
anxiety disorder, where people have a persistent/ re experiencing a traumatic event
key features of schizophrenia
- hallucinations
- delusions
- disordered thinking
Etiology
the CAUSE of disease
signs vs. symptoms
signs: when we describe things clinically that we find
symptom: whats recorded objectively by client
anorexia nervosa
extreme weight loss, fatigue, eroded teeth, fainting
definition of nosocomial disease
infection you get from hospital
Idiopathic disease (disease terminology)
cause of disease is unknown
Iatrogenic disease (disease terminology)
cause of disease is from medical intervention
Prevalence (disease terminology)
“proportion of cases” or how many total cases of disease are present in population at risk at one time
EXISTING CASES
Incidence (disease terminology)
“risk of contracting the disease” or rate of new cases of disease that are present in population
NEW CASES
“neuromatrix” pain gate theory
pain travelling through “gates” at dorsal horn of spinal cord
hormones released in response to stress
adrenaline, epinephrine, noradrenaline, norepinephrine, cortisol
smooth ER
organelle responsible for detoxification of drugs
hypoxia
reduced state of oxygen (in cell)
atrophy
decrease in cell size
metaplasia
when cell changes from one cell type to another
apoptosis
when cells live out normal life span & die, natural progression of cell
necrosis that causes brain to liquify
liquefactive necrosis
way that anemias are classified
RBC colour, RBC size, causative factor
most common anemia, effects 20% of all women
iron deficiency anemia
anemia caused by lack of vitamin B12, larger than normal RBCs
pernicious anemia
type of anemia that is genetically determined
sickle cell anemia
anemia caused by massive blood clots, heavy bleeding
hemorrhagic anemia
major symptoms of anemia
fatigue, headache, shortness of breath, chest pain
how long do RBCs live for
120 days
sickle cell anemia RBCs
live for 20 days
clotting factor that is deficient in hemotephelia type A
factor VIII
disease of blood forming tissues / cancer of bone marrow
Leukemia
6 descriptions of disease
- Pathogenesis
- Epidemiology
- Clinical findings
- Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Prognosis
pain definitions
Allodynia: on skin in response to something that does not normally cause pain – hypersensitivity reaction
Hyperalgesia: increased pain response (more painful than it should be) – enhanced sensitivity to pain
Paresthesia: unpleasant / painful feelings with no stimulus – usually in peripheral -> tingling, numbness, skin crawling, itching
Specificity Theory of Pain
Pain receptors = NOCICEPTORS – transmit signals to “pain center” in brain then produces sensation of pain
Pattern Theory of Pain
-No specific pain receptors just different patterns of existing peripheral sensory receptors
-Respond to touch, warmth & other stimuli to receive pain
-Pain produced when certain patterns of neural activity occur / reach high levels in brain
Definition of stress
body’s reaction to external / internal changes that require a response – reactions are physical, mental, emotional, or chemical – bodies release hormones to compensate
stress can be … (3 things)
Social – change in job / relationship
Psychological – anxiety / fear
Physiologic – anesthesia / pain
cell anatomy
Nucleus
Cytoplasm:
-Mitochondria
-Ribosomes
-Endoplasmic reticulum
-Golgi apparatus
-Lysosome
Plasma membrane
type A hemophilia
factor VIII is deficient
type B hemophilia
factor IX is deficient
type C hemophilia
factor XI is deficient
process that necrosis is caused by
exogenous process (outside cell)
intracellular accumulation
caused by overload of metabolites / inability to secrete excess
causes of cell injury
-Hypoxia (less oxygen) & anoxia (no oxygen)
-Ischemia & deprivation of essential nutrients
-Toxic injury
-Microbial pathogens
-Mediators of inflammatory & immune reactions (inappropriate immune response)
-Genetic & metabolic disturbances (genetic error or enzyme defects)
