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PATHOLOGY I > quiz #1 - hints > Flashcards

quiz #1 - hints Flashcards

1
Q

nociceptive pain

A

activated by nociceptive receptors

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2
Q

ways to evaluate pain

A

-visual analog scale
-pain faces
-numerical rating scale (1-10)
-categorical (mild, moderate, severe)
-pain drawings
-Mcgill questionnaire

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3
Q

addiction

A

dependance & withdrawal cycle

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4
Q

bipolar disorder & best treatment

A

when people develop massive mood swings
best treatment for bipolar: lithium → mood stabilizer, makes people happy

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5
Q

key features of depression

A
  • sleep abnormalities
  • loss of interest in normal activities
  • decreased energy levels
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6
Q

PTSD

A

anxiety disorder, where people have a persistent/ re experiencing a traumatic event

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7
Q

key features of schizophrenia

A
  • hallucinations
  • delusions
  • disordered thinking
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8
Q

Etiology

A

the CAUSE of disease

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9
Q

signs vs. symptoms

A

signs: when we describe things clinically that we find

symptom: whats recorded objectively by client

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10
Q

anorexia nervosa

A

extreme weight loss, fatigue, eroded teeth, fainting

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11
Q

definition of nosocomial disease

A

infection you get from hospital

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12
Q

Idiopathic disease (disease terminology)

A

cause of disease is unknown

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13
Q

Iatrogenic disease (disease terminology)

A

cause of disease is from medical intervention

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14
Q

Prevalence (disease terminology)

A

“proportion of cases” or how many total cases of disease are present in population at risk at one time
EXISTING CASES

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15
Q

Incidence (disease terminology)

A

“risk of contracting the disease” or rate of new cases of disease that are present in population
NEW CASES

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16
Q

“neuromatrix” pain gate theory

A

pain travelling through “gates” at dorsal horn of spinal cord

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17
Q

hormones released in response to stress

A

adrenaline, epinephrine, noradrenaline, norepinephrine, cortisol

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18
Q

smooth ER

A

organelle responsible for detoxification of drugs

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19
Q

hypoxia

A

reduced state of oxygen (in cell)

20
Q

atrophy

A

decrease in cell size

21
Q

metaplasia

A

when cell changes from one cell type to another

22
Q

apoptosis

A

when cells live out normal life span & die, natural progression of cell

23
Q

necrosis that causes brain to liquify

A

liquefactive necrosis

24
Q

way that anemias are classified

A

RBC colour, RBC size, causative factor

25
Q

most common anemia, effects 20% of all women

A

iron deficiency anemia

26
Q

anemia caused by lack of vitamin B12, larger than normal RBCs

A

pernicious anemia

27
Q

type of anemia that is genetically determined

A

sickle cell anemia

28
Q

anemia caused by massive blood clots, heavy bleeding

A

hemorrhagic anemia

29
Q

major symptoms of anemia

A

fatigue, headache, shortness of breath, chest pain

30
Q

how long do RBCs live for

A

120 days

31
Q

sickle cell anemia RBCs

A

live for 20 days

32
Q

clotting factor that is deficient in hemotephelia type A

A

factor VIII

33
Q

disease of blood forming tissues / cancer of bone marrow

A

Leukemia

34
Q

6 descriptions of disease

A
  1. Pathogenesis
  2. Epidemiology
  3. Clinical findings
  4. Diagnosis
  5. Treatment
  6. Prognosis
35
Q

pain definitions

A

Allodynia: on skin in response to something that does not normally cause pain – hypersensitivity reaction
Hyperalgesia: increased pain response (more painful than it should be) – enhanced sensitivity to pain
Paresthesia: unpleasant / painful feelings with no stimulus – usually in peripheral -> tingling, numbness, skin crawling, itching

36
Q

Specificity Theory of Pain

A

Pain receptors = NOCICEPTORS – transmit signals to “pain center” in brain then produces sensation of pain

37
Q

Pattern Theory of Pain

A

-No specific pain receptors just different patterns of existing peripheral sensory receptors
-Respond to touch, warmth & other stimuli to receive pain
-Pain produced when certain patterns of neural activity occur / reach high levels in brain

38
Q

Definition of stress

A

body’s reaction to external / internal changes that require a response – reactions are physical, mental, emotional, or chemical – bodies release hormones to compensate

39
Q

stress can be … (3 things)

A

Social – change in job / relationship
Psychological – anxiety / fear
Physiologic – anesthesia / pain

40
Q

cell anatomy

A

Nucleus
Cytoplasm:
-Mitochondria
-Ribosomes
-Endoplasmic reticulum
-Golgi apparatus
-Lysosome
Plasma membrane

41
Q

type A hemophilia

A

factor VIII is deficient

42
Q

type B hemophilia

A

factor IX is deficient

43
Q

type C hemophilia

A

factor XI is deficient

44
Q

process that necrosis is caused by

A

exogenous process (outside cell)

45
Q

intracellular accumulation

A

caused by overload of metabolites / inability to secrete excess

46
Q

causes of cell injury

A

-Hypoxia (less oxygen) & anoxia (no oxygen)
-Ischemia & deprivation of essential nutrients
-Toxic injury
-Microbial pathogens
-Mediators of inflammatory & immune reactions (inappropriate immune response)
-Genetic & metabolic disturbances (genetic error or enzyme defects)

PATHOLOGY I (17 decks)

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