quiz #2 - infections & disease

Question 1

ENDOGENOUS

Answer 1

within body, normally existing microbe (already existing yeast)

Question 2

EXOGENOUS

Answer 2

outside of body, pathogen from environment (flu from influenza virus)

Question 3

FIRST line of defense

Answer 3

mechanical barriers like epithelial surfaces:
-Intact skin & mucous membranes
-Oil & perspiration on skin
-Gag & cough reflex
-Peristalsis of GI tract
-Flushing action of tears, saliva, mucous
-Normal flora in gut

Question 4

SECOND line of defense

Answer 4

inflammation, non-specific reaction

Question 5

THIRD line of defense

Answer 5

acquired immune response (adaptive), leukocytes, antibodies, phagocytes

Question 6

SOURCES of infection

Answer 6

Virus
Bacteria
Protozoa
Fungi
Helminths (worms)
Mycobacteria
Prions

Question 7

SPREAD of infection within HOST (3 periods)

Answer 7

Incubation period: infected, no symptoms yet
Prodromal period: generalized symptoms like fatigue, loss of appetite, headache
Acute period: typical infection symptoms caused by damaged tissues

Question 8

VIRULENCE

Answer 8

number of organisms & amount of time to start infectious process – measures strength of disease

Question 9

TRANSMISSION

Answer 9

ingestion, inhalation, bites, contact with mucosa, transplacentally, injections, skin to skin contact, contact with blood/ bodily fluids, other contaminated items

Question 10

PORTALS OF EXIT

Answer 10

feces, urine, vomit, tears, semen, open lesions, blood, saliva

Question 11

POSSIBLE ROUTES (transmission)

Answer 11

-Contact: direct / indirect (through a fomite)
-Airborne: smaller particles float on air for hours
-Droplet: larger particles float on air for hours
-Vehicle: common sources → food & water
-Vector: carried by something else like mosquito / tick

Question 12

RESERVOIR

Answer 12

person who is carrying contagious disease

Question 13

CARRIER

Answer 13

person who has contagious disease, but does not develop symptoms

Question 14

FOMITE

Answer 14

inanimate object that transmits infection disease (keyboard, doorknob, phone)

Question 15

RISK FACTORS

Answer 15

lack of sleep, age, nutrition, hygiene, concurrent disease, hormonal imbalances, drug use

Question 16

PATTERNS of infection - may produce:

Answer 16

-local damage (warts, welts)
-toxin that is poisonous (botulism)
-widespread systemic effects (HIV)

Question 17

SPREAD of infection

Answer 17

Directly: produce enzymes that damage cell membranes
Via natural channels: move through membranes like meninges, pleura, peritoneum
Via nerves/ phagocytes: like herpes virus

Question 18

MODE of ACTION

Answer 18

Virus: invade cells, invade DNA - change & interfere with normal cell processes → metabolism, growth, replication
-other organisms: cause cell to die in some way

Question 19

NOSOCOMIAL infection

Answer 19

acquired in healthcare setting – hospital/ homecare

Question 20

OPPORTUNISTIC infection

Answer 20

from impaired immune system – common in AIDS, HIV, transplant patients, older age, newborns, burn victims, chronically diseased

Question 21

Clinical SIGNS & SYMPTOMS of infection

Answer 21

Systemic
Skin
Cardiovascular
Respiratory system
CNS
GI
Urinary system