FINAL EXAM Flashcards
Dependence on a substance
Addiction
Morbid sadness, most common adult psychiatric, disorder
Depression
Lithium is the treatment of choice
Bipolar disorder
Best treatment is light therapy
Seasonal affective disorder
Emotional state of fear
Anxiety disorder
Symptoms include a persistent re-experiencing of a trauma
Post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
Panic attack is a type of ___ disorder
Panic disorder/ anxiety disorder
Abnormal fear and apprehension followed by obsessions
Obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD)
Eating disorder characterized by abnormally low weight with an intense fear of gaining weight
Anorexia nervosa
General symptoms of anemia
fatigue, headache, chest pain, irregular heart beat, cold intolerance, shortness of breath, pallor, dizziness, brittle hair, spoon shaped nails, delayed healing, swollen ankles, sore/beefy red tongue, cracked lips & intermittent calf pain
Iron deficiency anemia
most common especially for women
Idiopathic anemia
bone marrow stops making RBCs
Pernicious anemia
lack of Vit. B12
Folic acid anemia
lack of folic acid, causes spina bifida in neonates (newborns)
Sickle cell anemia
RBC shape changes, live less, and stick together
Aplastic anemia
rate and life threatening, complete marrow failure
g. Nutritional anemia – lack of iron, protein, Vit. B12
Hemolytic anemia
RBCs destroyed faster than they can be replaced
Hemorrhagic anemia
results from massive blood loss
Impaired clotting mechanisms, causing prolonged bleeding
Hemophilia
Impaired bone marrow function in making WBCs
Leukemia
A fungal infection from inhaled spores found in soil, bird & bat droppings
Histoplasmosis
Borrelia Burgdorferi
LYME DISEASE
Borrelia Burgdorferi: a spirochete & a bacteria – injected into body by a tick bite from deer tick
Chancre
-untreated SYPHILIS:
primary stage: primary lesion appears at initial site of infection, called a CHANCRE, which heals in 1-2 months, infection spreads throughout body
Virus hides in the dorsal root ganglion
Herpes virus
Oral lesions
Herpes simplex 1
“Cold sores”, painful blisters
Genital lesions
Herpes simplex 2
Causes genital blister-like sores that are often painful, blisters heal over & crust within 7-10 days
Shingles
-virus causes chickenpox, after chicken pox, virus lays dormant in peripheral nervous system in dorsal root ganglia of spinal nerve – stays latent until activated by stress, usually later in life
-causes painful rash along sensory nerves dermatome usually on torso, sometimes on face
Often asymptomatic, lifetime, infection, spread via, body secretions
Herpes simplex 1 & 2
Sexually transmitted, virus causing warts, may lead to cervical cancer
Human Papillomavirus (HPV)
Affects GI mostly, also respiratory, and nervous systems, flu like symptoms
Enterovirus
Virus enters the anterior horn of the spinal cord, damages motor neurons
Poliomyelitis (“polio”)
Starts in upper respiratory (infected droplets), then goes to lower, if immunocompromised life-threatening
Influenza virus
Rhinovirus
“common cold” or upper respiratory tract infection causing inflammation especially in mucosa of nose & throat
Occurs in immunocompromised, a fungus infection of lungs
Fungal Pneumonia (pneumocystis carinii)
Yeast infection, what is the name of the yeast
Yeast infection (Candidiasis)
“Candida albican” = yeast
Cocci (shape)
small spheres
Diplococci (shape)
spheres in pairs
Staphylococci (shape)
spheres in bunches
Streptococci (shape)
spheres in linear groups
Bacilli (shape)
rod shape
Spirochete (shape)
spiral shape
Very common, resides no skin, overgrowth causes disease from mild on severe
Staphylococcus Aureus “staph”
Has two groups Group A and Group B
Streptococcus
Group A: streptococcus pyogenes
Group B: streptococcus agalactiae
Pathologies included in Group A Streptococcus
Invasion of bacteria causing exotoxins, adhesion, colonization & replication activating an innate immune response in bloodstream
Highly contagious throat infection, if left untreated-serious
Pharyngitis – strep throat
If untreated may lead to valve damage
Rheumatic fever
Flesh-eating disease
Necrotizing Fasciitis
Normally occurring bacteria that flourishes in immunocompromised, may cause pneumonia, otitis media, sinusitis, meningitis
Streptococcus Pneumoniae
Sexually transmitted infection of urogenital tract, but may also infect pharynx, eyes, and rectum
Gonococcus (Gonorrhea)
Inflammation of the fluid and the membranes to the meninges
Meningococcal infections
Yersinia pestis
-“The Plague”, “Bubonic Plague”, “Black Death”
-Bacterial infection of lungs
-Transmitted by fleas on rats, fleas bite humans & other mammals & transmit the bacteria
-Causes fever, headache, chills & weakness
Bacteria found in canned food causing blocked nerve functions and severe paralyzing effects
Clostridium Botulinum
Found in water, soil, vegetation, and feces, used to measure quality of water
Coliforms
Example of a bacteria of Coliforms
Escherichia coli (E-coli)
From contaminated water, person dies of dehydration from severe diarrhea
Cholera
Infectious, inflammatory disease of lungs, 1# cause in world for infection, also lymph nodes & other organs affected
Tuberculosis (TB)
Infectious bacterial infection causing skin sores, growths, nerve damage and nasal symptoms
Leprosy
Most common sexually transmitted bacterial infection in the world
Chlamydia
A sexually transmitted protozoa (parasite) infection
Trichomoniasis
1gG, IgM (type of hypersensitivity reaction)
TYPE II
antigens & antibodies deposited (type of hypersensitivity reaction)
TYPE III
T lymphocytes and macrophages (type of hypersensitivity reaction)
TYPE IV
IgE (type of hypersensitivity reaction)
TYPE I
Inhaled pollens trigger a histamine release
Hay fever
Chronic skin irritation, childhood mostly
Atopic dermatitis – ECZEMA
Abnormal response to inhaled allergens in the bronchi
Asthma
A severe life-threatening systemic response to an allergen
Anaphylactic shock
-massive release of histamine
RBCs are destroyed faster than they can be produced
Hemolytic anemia
Antibodies produced attack collagen in the lungs & kidneys
Goodpasture’s Syndrome
Overproduction of thyroid hormones
Hypothyroidism – Grave’s disease
Antibodies attack acetylcholine receptors at the NMJ and there is an excess of cholinesterase, causing an excess of acetylcholine in the cleft
Myasthenia Gravis
Ptosis
Myasthenia Gravis
Ptosis: eyelids droop, face may falsely express sadness & attempts to smile may result in a snarl, impaired vision, difficulty chewing & swallowing, impaired speech often produces sound similar to nasal monotone, head droops forward as result of weak neck mm & fatigue is a frequent complaint
Butterfly rash
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)
Renal disease after a sore throat
Post-streptococcal Glomerulonephritis
Antibody/ antigen complexes deposit in small to medium arteries, causing clumping & inflammation
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) → pathogenesis
Most common Type IV reaction
Contact Dermatitis
Sexually transmitted virus that infects and destroys CD4 and T Cells
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
Abnormal proteins build up in organs causing dysfunction
Amyloidosis
Infection and inflammation of lymphatic vessels
Lymphangitis
Local accumulation of fluid in the interstitial spaces
Edema
Cancer of the lymph node
Lymphoma
Hodgkin’s lymphoma
starts at one single lymph node (often in neck) then progresses to others close by & to other tissues like spleen, liver or bone marrow – two peak incidences:
20’s & 30’s & again in 60’s and 70’s – presence of Reed-Sternberg (RS) cells in lymph nodes is diagnostic
Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma
mostly from B Cells, more common, also more common in men than women, similar to Hodgkin’s but more widespread & metastasizes early, often well advanced at diagnosis – no RS cells in lymph nodes
Infectious mononucleosis: also called…
Epstein-Barr Virus
Myalgic encephalomyelitis: also called…
Chronic Fatigue Syndrome
List the six attributes of cancer cells
- Anaplasia
- Anchorage Independent
- Lack of Contact Inhibition
- Immortality
- Angiogenesis
- Genetic Instability
benign cancer characteristics
-limited and slow growth
-curable
-encapsulated
-good prognosis
-uniform cell populations
-may compress nearby tissues
malignant cancer characteristics
-enencapsulated
-cells are different from original tissues
-bad prognosis
-uncontrollable growth
-not curable
-considered cancer
3 metastasis routes
- Lymphatic system
- Bloodstream (hematogenous spread)
- Seeding of surfaces of body cavities (close by)
“Oma”
Benign tumors from Mesenchymal cells (from connective tissue, bone & muscles) add “oma”
Fibroma
from fibroblasts
Chondroma
from cartilage
Lipoma
from adipose tissue
Leiomyoma
from smooth muscle
Rhabdomyoma
from striated muscle cells
Osteoma
from bone
Adenoma
epithelial cells (glands & ducts)
“Sarcoma”
Malignant tumors of mesenchymal cells are named from root of cell type plus “sarcoma”
TNM T=, N=, M=
T = size of primary tumor
N = presence/ absence of lymph node involvement
M = distant metastasis
Grading: I=, II=, III=
GRADE I = well differentiated cells (benign)
GRADE II = moderately well differentiated cells
GRADE III = undifferentiated cells (malignant)
4 viral pathologies that are linked to cancer
-Human Papillomavirus (HPV)
-Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV)
-Hepatitis B Virus
-Human T-Cell Lymphoma/leukemia (HTLV)
Bacterial infection of skin, blisters, very contagious
Bullous Impetigo
Same as above (bullous impetigo) only no blisters
Non-bullous impetigo
Infection that crusts over an ulcer, deeper form of impetigo
Ecthyma
Infection In lower layers of skin
Cellulitis
Infection in upper layer of skin
Erysipelas
Infection of a hair follicle
Folliculitis
Also known as a boil
Furuncle
Many furuncles together
Carbuncle
Chronic inflammation of hair follicular epithelium causing blockages, painful lumps (pustules & nodules)
Hidradenitis Suppurativa
Infectious fungus or mycosis, lives off keratin
Dermatophytosis
TINEAS
-tinea capitis – scalp
-tinea corporis – general body regions
-tinea pedis – foot
-tinea cruris – groin
-tinea barbae – neck
-tinea faciale – face
-tinea unguium – nails (toe or hand)
-tinea manus – hand
-tinea versicolour – does not cause itching
Tiny insects or parasites that live in skin with hair & feed of blood
Lice (capitis, corporis, pubis)
Leaves wavy trails
Mites / scabies
Viral infection of skin causing warts, spreads through skin-to-skin contact
Viral Molluscum Contagiosum
Hair follicle with sebaceous gland obstruction & clogging
Acne Vulgaris
-Cuti bacterium
Skin irritation with erythema, pustules and telangiectasis over malar areas
Acne Rosacea
-Telangiectasia (redness, small widened blood vessels)
Shaving rash
Pseudofolliculitis Barbae (shaving rash or razor bumps)
Hair loss
Alopecia
Chronic scaly silver-coloured patches caused by overgrowth of the epidermis
Psoriasis
Inflammatory reaction to drugs, target shaped lesions
Erythema Multiforme
Much more severe version of Erythema Multiforme
Stevens-Johnson Syndrome
Allergic contact (dermatitis)
sensitization, 48-72 hours later, intense itch, red, vesicles
Nummular dermatitis
itch, red rash over trunk & butt, vesicles, scales, coin shaped lesions
Stasis (venous) dermatitis
underlying vascular condition, poor circulation
Primary irritant contact
chemical damage, edema, red, scale, itch, burn, sting
Dermatitis seborrheic
irritation of sebaceous glands (dandruff), itch, burn
Perioral dermatitis
around mouth & also on face
Atopic Dermatitis
childhood, itch, red lichenification
Neurodermatitis scales
one intensely itchy patch, causes itch cycle, thick
Phototoxic or photoallergic leathery skin (dermatitis)
irritation from sunlight UVA
Basal cell carcinoma
skin cancer of basal cells
Basosquamous cell carcinoma
skin cancer of squamous cells of skin
Malignant melanoma
skin cancer develops from pigment producing cells in skin called melanocytes
Skin tags: also called…
Cutaneous Papilloma (Skin Tag or Acrochordon)
Urticaria: also called…
Hives
Hard thickened areas from too much friction often on feet
Corns
Same as corns only larger area
Callus
Bony bump at base of MTP joint
Bunion
Genetic disorder causing dry thickened scaly skin, a slowing of the skins shedding process
Ichthyosis (Vulgaris)
Skin loses pigment in an irregular pattern
Vitiligo
First degree burn affects…
DERMIS only affected
Second degree burn affects…
DERMIS & part of EPIDERMIS
Third degree burn affects…
DERMIS, EPIDERMIS &
A raised scar that is larger than original wound
Keloid
A raised scar that is same size as original wound
Hypertrophic
Pharyngitis
cold or flu viruses or bacteria (group A streptococcus)
Laryngitis
respiratory infection, strain from yelling, reflux disease
Laryngeal cancer
smoking, drinking, occupational exposure, toxic substances, reflux disease
Common cold
Rhinovirus
Infectious mononucleosis
Epstein Bar virus
Sinusitis
viral or bacterial upper respiratory infection
Influenza
influenza virus strains A, B, or C
Inflammation of the pleural membranes
Pleurisy (Pleuritis)
Collapsed lung: also called…
Pneumothorax
Air sacs & bronchioles fill with fluid, debris & cellular waste inflammation
Pneumonia
Build up of excess fluid between pleural membranes
Pleural effusion
High blood pressure that affects arteries of lungs
Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension
Excess fluid in air sac of lungs
Pulmonary edema
Respiratory system fails to maintain gas exchange at alveolar membrane
TYPE 1 Respiratory Failure
Respiratory system fails to maintain respiratory pump
TYPE 2 Respiratory Failure
Contagious lung infection that is encapsulated in a tubercle & forms caseous necrosis
Tuberculosis (TB)
Causes 80-90% of all lung cancers
Tobacco smoke
Group of respiratory diseases that cause obstruction of airflow
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
Inflammation of bronchial mucosa, causing swelling hypersecretion of mucus
Chronic bronchitis (COPD)
What is a blue bloater
Chronic bronchitis
“Blue bloater” – named from bluish color (cyanosis) of lips & skin (from lack of oxygen), as well as edema commonly seen in persons suffering from chronic bronchitis
Permanent enlargement and destruction of alveoli
Emphysema (COPD)
What is a pink puffer
Emphysema
“Pink puffer” – named from reddish or pink complexion & puffing seen in emphysema
Barrel chest, tripod position, clubbing of fingers found in
Emphysema (COPD)
Bronchiole smooth mm are in spasm
Asthma (COPD)
Irritating dust particles cause interstitial lung disease
Pneumoconiosis (COPD)
Weakened bronchiole walls form outpouchings or sacs that fill
Bronchiectasis (COPD)
Common lung infection in children causing inflammation of the bronchioles
Bronchiolitis
Genetic disorder causing hypersecretion of mucus, saliva & digestive juices producing cells
Cystic Fibrosis
Upper airway is obstructed while sleeping causing hypoxia
Obstructive Sleep Apnea
A clot occludes pulmonary artery partially or completely
Pulmonary embolism
Where does a pulmonary embolism originate
In veins of lower extremity (DVT)
& works its way back up to heart & into first narrowing, pulmonary artery in lungs
Reduced blood flow to myocardium causing chest pain, treated with nitroglycerin
Angina Pectoris
Myocardium damage due to hypoxia, often caused by a blockage
Myocardial ischemia
Abnormal heartbeat caused by conduction system impairment
Arrhythmias or Dysrhythmias
Device that helps control abnormal heart beats
Pacemaker
Inability of heart to pump blood to meet bodys’ demands
Congestive Heart Failure
Left sided heart failure produces… (congestive heart failure)
Congestion in lungs
(Left ventricle can’t pump out to aorta)
Right sided heart failure produces… (congestive heart failure)
Congestion in liver
(Right ventricle can’t pump out to lungs)
Develops after untreated post-streptococcal throat infection
Rheumatic fever
If Rheumatic fever effects the heart valves, causes damage called
Vegetations – abnormal growths made of fibrin, platelets & bacteria
dilated heart mm
dilated left ventricle, decreases heart’s contractility so blood is pumped less forcefully, predisposes to thrombi & emboli
hypertrophic heart mm
thickening of left ventricle, interferes with heart’s ability to expand & fill up before contraction
restricted heart mm
myocardium becomes rigid & less elastic, also interferes with heart’s ability to expand & fill up before contraction
Enlarged right ventricle due to pulmonary artery hypertension
Cor Pulmonale
Osler’s nodes
painful red nodules on fingers
(endocarditis)
Infection of the interior lining of heart, affecting heart valves
Endocarditis (infective endocarditis)
Most common cause for this pathology: coxsackie enterovirus, common cold virus, Covid 19, hep B and C and parasites
Myocarditis
An increase in fluid in the pericardial sac
Pericarditis
Narrowing of the bicuspid valve caused by rheumatic fever
Mitral stenosis (bicuspid valve stenosis)
Causes of: congenital, calcification of valve, rheumatic fever
Aortic stenosis
Interrupted blood supply causing ischemia & hypoxia, tissues dies in 20 minutes
Myocardial infarction / heart attack
Common causes of myocardial infarction (heart attack)
1.Thrombus buildup from atherosclerosis
2.Thromboemboli
3.Vasospasm (often from drugs)
Heart stops, loss of consciousness, sudden collapse:
Cardiac arrest
Formation of a blood clot in an arterial wall
Thrombosis
Define Virchow’s triad
3 factors cause thrombosis/ thrombus formation/ thrombophlebitis (DVT) – “Virchow’s triad”
1) endothelial cell injury
2) blood stasis
3) hypercoagulability of the blood
Floating matter in our bloodstream that doesn’t belong and may occlude an artery
Embolism
Hardening of smaller arteries
Arteriosclerosis
Most common form of Arteriosclerosis
Atherosclerosis
Four most common forms of Atherosclerosis
Coronary artery disease
Cerebrovascular disease
Atherosclerosis of the aorta (causing aortic aneurysm)
Peripheral artery disease
Endothelial injury of an artery wall with a fatty streak made of lipids, cholesterol and other cells
Atherosclerosis
Modifiable risk factors of Atherosclerosis
Obesity, elevated LDLs, smoking, sedentary lifestyle, diabetes & hypertension
Atherosclerosis of arteries surrounding heart
Coronary Artery Disease
Surgeons use a healthy vein from elsewhere in the body and use it to bypass a blocked artery of the heart
Coronary Bypass
Peripheral pulses distal to occluded blood vessels are absent
Peripheral Arterial Disease (PAD)
Called the “SILENT KILLER”
Hypertension (high blood pressure)
What is normal blood pressure
120/180
What is low blood pressure
Below 90/60
Blood vessel wall weakness that forms a pouch
Aneurysm
Aneurysm in head called
Cerebral Aneurysm – may cause headache/ stroke
Aneurysm in abdomen
Abdominal Aneurysm – may result in abdominal or back pain with a palpable pulsing mass in abdomen
Aneurysm in thoracic causes
Difficulty swallowing (dysphagia) or difficulty breathing (dyspnea)
Type of stroke, 80% of all
Ischemic – CVA / stroke
Type of stroke, liquifies brain tissue
Hemorrhagic
Sudden drop in blood pressure causing lightheadedness, after standing up
Orthostatic Hypotension or Postural Hypotension
Colors of skin, often in hands: White, blue and red
Raynaud Disease or Syndrome or Phenomenon
Young man who is a smoker: inflammation of small to medium arteries in extremities
Thromboangiitis Obliterans (TAO) or Buerger’s Disease
Inflammation of a vein
Phlebitis
Where does a DVT come from?
a) venous stasis from prolonged inactivity
b) trauma to venous wall from IV or chemicals
c) increased blood hypercoagulability
Where does a DVT occlude or block?
May lodge in pulmonary artery causing a pulmonary embolism, which is life threatening
Dilated, twisted veins due to damaged wall & incompetent valves
Varicose veins
Life threatening condition, where body does not get enough blood or oxygen & nutrients, has many types
Circulatory Shock (fluid & hemodynamic pathologies)
Takayasu arteritis (type of vessel affected)
large vessels (aorta & large branches)
Giant Cell arteritis or Temporal arteritis (type of vessel affected)
infection of superficial temporal artery & other arteries that supply head, eyes & jaw
Polyarteritis nodosa (type of vessel affected)
medium sized vessels, may affect CNS, PNS, kidneys, GI tract, muscles & heart
Etiology of infective arteries
Unknown, autoimmune disorder
Nitrogen dissolves too quickly in blood & forms bubbles that act like an embolism
Decompression illness
Limitation of blood flow due to pressure causing necrosis and tissue death
Etiology of: Decubitus Ulcers (bed sores, or pressure ulcers)
Autoimmune disease where immune cells attack the walls of blood vessels causing inflammation
Vasculitis
Most serious complication in diabetes causing mortality affecting basement membrane in capillary beds
Diabetic Microangiopathy
2 most common causes is gallstones & alcohol abuse
Pancreatitis – acute & chronic
Cancer with highest mortality rate (92%)
Pancreatic cancer
TYPE 1 diabetes characteristics
-10% of all cases
-insulin dependent
-autoimmune disease
-sudden onset
-must inject insulin
-body shape is small & thin
-common in children
TYPE 2 diabetes characteristics
-linked to obesity & sedentary lifestyle
-body shape is obese
-common in over 40 age group
-often preventable
-beta cells destroyed
-3 P’s
-gradual onset
-90% of all cases
-insulin receptors insensitive
Lack of digestive enzymes often caused by cystic fibrosis
Pancreatic Insufficiency
Hypersecretion of cells that produce mucus, saliva, sweat & digestive juices
Cystic fibrosis (CF)
Sodium faulty transport produces dehydration causing
Primary Aldosteronism Conn’s Syndrome
Hypercortisolism
Excessive amounts of cortisol in blood – Cushing’s Syndrome
Hypocortisolism
Addison’s disease – adrenal insufficiency
Hypersecretion of growth hormone during childhood
Gigantism (hypopituitary disorder)
Hypersecretion of growth hormone during adulthood
Acromegaly
Pituitary gland sits in the…
Pituitary gland sits & fills in sella turcica
Pituitary gland is squashed by…
cerebrospinal fluid
Often Empty Sella Syndrome does not affect the function of the…
Pituitary gland
A tumor in adrenal cortex, affecting aldosterone production causing overproduction & affecting salt & potassium
Primary Aldosteronism – Conn’s Syndrome
Autoimmune disease that causes hyperactivity of the thyroid gland
Hyperthyroidism – Graves disease
2 special items for Graves disease
beta-blockers and anti-thyroidal drugs
First ever autoimmune disease discovered
Hashimoto’s disease
Imbalance in calcium metabolism
Hyperparathyroidism
