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PATHOLOGY I > FINAL EXAM > Flashcards

FINAL EXAM Flashcards

1
Q

Dependence on a substance

A

Addiction

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2
Q

Morbid sadness, most common adult psychiatric, disorder

A

Depression

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3
Q

Lithium is the treatment of choice

A

Bipolar disorder

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4
Q

Best treatment is light therapy

A

Seasonal affective disorder

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5
Q

Emotional state of fear

A

Anxiety disorder

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6
Q

Symptoms include a persistent re-experiencing of a trauma

A

Post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

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7
Q

Panic attack is a type of ___ disorder

A

Panic disorder/ anxiety disorder

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8
Q

Abnormal fear and apprehension followed by obsessions

A

Obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD)

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9
Q

Eating disorder characterized by abnormally low weight with an intense fear of gaining weight

A

Anorexia nervosa

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10
Q

General symptoms of anemia

A

fatigue, headache, chest pain, irregular heart beat, cold intolerance, shortness of breath, pallor, dizziness, brittle hair, spoon shaped nails, delayed healing, swollen ankles, sore/beefy red tongue, cracked lips & intermittent calf pain

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11
Q

Iron deficiency anemia

A

most common especially for women

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12
Q

Idiopathic anemia

A

bone marrow stops making RBCs

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13
Q

Pernicious anemia

A

lack of Vit. B12

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14
Q

Folic acid anemia

A

lack of folic acid, causes spina bifida in neonates (newborns)

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15
Q

Sickle cell anemia

A

RBC shape changes, live less, and stick together

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16
Q

Aplastic anemia

A

rate and life threatening, complete marrow failure
g. Nutritional anemia – lack of iron, protein, Vit. B12

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17
Q

Hemolytic anemia

A

RBCs destroyed faster than they can be replaced

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18
Q

Hemorrhagic anemia

A

results from massive blood loss

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19
Q

Impaired clotting mechanisms, causing prolonged bleeding

A

Hemophilia

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20
Q

Impaired bone marrow function in making WBCs

A

Leukemia

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21
Q

A fungal infection from inhaled spores found in soil, bird & bat droppings

A

Histoplasmosis

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22
Q

Borrelia Burgdorferi

A

LYME DISEASE
Borrelia Burgdorferi: a spirochete & a bacteria – injected into body by a tick bite from deer tick

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23
Q

Chancre

A

-untreated SYPHILIS:

primary stage: primary lesion appears at initial site of infection, called a CHANCRE, which heals in 1-2 months, infection spreads throughout body

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24
Q

Virus hides in the dorsal root ganglion

A

Herpes virus

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25
Q

Oral lesions

A

Herpes simplex 1

“Cold sores”, painful blisters

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26
Q

Genital lesions

A

Herpes simplex 2

Causes genital blister-like sores that are often painful, blisters heal over & crust within 7-10 days

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27
Q

Shingles

A

-virus causes chickenpox, after chicken pox, virus lays dormant in peripheral nervous system in dorsal root ganglia of spinal nerve – stays latent until activated by stress, usually later in life
-causes painful rash along sensory nerves dermatome usually on torso, sometimes on face

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28
Q

Often asymptomatic, lifetime, infection, spread via, body secretions

A

Herpes simplex 1 & 2

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29
Q

Sexually transmitted, virus causing warts, may lead to cervical cancer

A

Human Papillomavirus (HPV)

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30
Q

Affects GI mostly, also respiratory, and nervous systems, flu like symptoms

A

Enterovirus

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31
Q

Virus enters the anterior horn of the spinal cord, damages motor neurons

A

Poliomyelitis (“polio”)

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32
Q

Starts in upper respiratory (infected droplets), then goes to lower, if immunocompromised life-threatening

A

Influenza virus

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33
Q

Rhinovirus

A

“common cold” or upper respiratory tract infection causing inflammation especially in mucosa of nose & throat

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34
Q

Occurs in immunocompromised, a fungus infection of lungs

A

Fungal Pneumonia (pneumocystis carinii)

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35
Q

Yeast infection, what is the name of the yeast

A

Yeast infection (Candidiasis)

“Candida albican” = yeast

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36
Q

Cocci (shape)

A

small spheres

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37
Q

Diplococci (shape)

A

spheres in pairs

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38
Q

Staphylococci (shape)

A

spheres in bunches

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39
Q

Streptococci (shape)

A

spheres in linear groups

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40
Q

Bacilli (shape)

A

rod shape

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41
Q

Spirochete (shape)

A

spiral shape

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42
Q

Very common, resides no skin, overgrowth causes disease from mild on severe

A

Staphylococcus Aureus “staph”

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43
Q

Has two groups Group A and Group B

A

Streptococcus

Group A: streptococcus pyogenes
Group B: streptococcus agalactiae

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44
Q

Pathologies included in Group A Streptococcus

A

Invasion of bacteria causing exotoxins, adhesion, colonization & replication activating an innate immune response in bloodstream

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45
Q

Highly contagious throat infection, if left untreated-serious

A

Pharyngitis – strep throat

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46
Q

If untreated may lead to valve damage

A

Rheumatic fever

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47
Q

Flesh-eating disease

A

Necrotizing Fasciitis

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48
Q

Normally occurring bacteria that flourishes in immunocompromised, may cause pneumonia, otitis media, sinusitis, meningitis

A

Streptococcus Pneumoniae

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49
Q

Sexually transmitted infection of urogenital tract, but may also infect pharynx, eyes, and rectum

A

Gonococcus (Gonorrhea)

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50
Q

Inflammation of the fluid and the membranes to the meninges

A

Meningococcal infections

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51
Q

Yersinia pestis

A

-“The Plague”, “Bubonic Plague”, “Black Death”
-Bacterial infection of lungs
-Transmitted by fleas on rats, fleas bite humans & other mammals & transmit the bacteria
-Causes fever, headache, chills & weakness

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52
Q

Bacteria found in canned food causing blocked nerve functions and severe paralyzing effects

A

Clostridium Botulinum

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53
Q

Found in water, soil, vegetation, and feces, used to measure quality of water

A

Coliforms

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54
Q

Example of a bacteria of Coliforms

A

Escherichia coli (E-coli)

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55
Q

From contaminated water, person dies of dehydration from severe diarrhea

A

Cholera

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56
Q

Infectious, inflammatory disease of lungs, 1# cause in world for infection, also lymph nodes & other organs affected

A

Tuberculosis (TB)

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57
Q

Infectious bacterial infection causing skin sores, growths, nerve damage and nasal symptoms

A

Leprosy

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58
Q

Most common sexually transmitted bacterial infection in the world

A

Chlamydia

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59
Q

A sexually transmitted protozoa (parasite) infection

A

Trichomoniasis

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60
Q

1gG, IgM (type of hypersensitivity reaction)

A

TYPE II

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61
Q

antigens & antibodies deposited (type of hypersensitivity reaction)

A

TYPE III

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62
Q

T lymphocytes and macrophages (type of hypersensitivity reaction)

A

TYPE IV

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63
Q

IgE (type of hypersensitivity reaction)

A

TYPE I

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64
Q

Inhaled pollens trigger a histamine release

A

Hay fever

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65
Q

Chronic skin irritation, childhood mostly

A

Atopic dermatitis – ECZEMA

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66
Q

Abnormal response to inhaled allergens in the bronchi

A

Asthma

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67
Q

A severe life-threatening systemic response to an allergen

A

Anaphylactic shock
-massive release of histamine

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68
Q

RBCs are destroyed faster than they can be produced

A

Hemolytic anemia

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69
Q

Antibodies produced attack collagen in the lungs & kidneys

A

Goodpasture’s Syndrome

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70
Q

Overproduction of thyroid hormones

A

Hypothyroidism – Grave’s disease

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71
Q

Antibodies attack acetylcholine receptors at the NMJ and there is an excess of cholinesterase, causing an excess of acetylcholine in the cleft

A

Myasthenia Gravis

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72
Q

Ptosis

A

Myasthenia Gravis

Ptosis: eyelids droop, face may falsely express sadness & attempts to smile may result in a snarl, impaired vision, difficulty chewing & swallowing, impaired speech often produces sound similar to nasal monotone, head droops forward as result of weak neck mm & fatigue is a frequent complaint

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73
Q

Butterfly rash

A

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)

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74
Q

Renal disease after a sore throat

A

Post-streptococcal Glomerulonephritis

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75
Q

Antibody/ antigen complexes deposit in small to medium arteries, causing clumping & inflammation

A

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) → pathogenesis

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76
Q

Most common Type IV reaction

A

Contact Dermatitis

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77
Q

Sexually transmitted virus that infects and destroys CD4 and T Cells

A

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)

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78
Q

Abnormal proteins build up in organs causing dysfunction

A

Amyloidosis

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79
Q

Infection and inflammation of lymphatic vessels

A

Lymphangitis

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80
Q

Local accumulation of fluid in the interstitial spaces

A

Edema

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81
Q

Cancer of the lymph node

A

Lymphoma

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82
Q

Hodgkin’s lymphoma

A

starts at one single lymph node (often in neck) then progresses to others close by & to other tissues like spleen, liver or bone marrow – two peak incidences:

20’s & 30’s & again in 60’s and 70’s – presence of Reed-Sternberg (RS) cells in lymph nodes is diagnostic

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83
Q

Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma

A

mostly from B Cells, more common, also more common in men than women, similar to Hodgkin’s but more widespread & metastasizes early, often well advanced at diagnosis – no RS cells in lymph nodes

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84
Q

Infectious mononucleosis: also called…

A

Epstein-Barr Virus

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85
Q

Myalgic encephalomyelitis: also called…

A

Chronic Fatigue Syndrome

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86
Q

List the six attributes of cancer cells

A
  1. Anaplasia
  2. Anchorage Independent
  3. Lack of Contact Inhibition
  4. Immortality
  5. Angiogenesis
  6. Genetic Instability
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87
Q

benign cancer characteristics

A

-limited and slow growth
-curable
-encapsulated
-good prognosis
-uniform cell populations
-may compress nearby tissues

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88
Q

malignant cancer characteristics

A

-enencapsulated
-cells are different from original tissues
-bad prognosis
-uncontrollable growth
-not curable
-considered cancer

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89
Q

3 metastasis routes

A
  1. Lymphatic system
  2. Bloodstream (hematogenous spread)
  3. Seeding of surfaces of body cavities (close by)
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90
Q

“Oma”

A

Benign tumors from Mesenchymal cells (from connective tissue, bone & muscles) add “oma”

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91
Q

Fibroma

A

from fibroblasts

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92
Q

Chondroma

A

from cartilage

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93
Q

Lipoma

A

from adipose tissue

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94
Q

Leiomyoma

A

from smooth muscle

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95
Q

Rhabdomyoma

A

from striated muscle cells

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96
Q

Osteoma

A

from bone

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97
Q

Adenoma

A

epithelial cells (glands & ducts)

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98
Q

“Sarcoma”

A

Malignant tumors of mesenchymal cells are named from root of cell type plus “sarcoma”

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99
Q

TNM T=, N=, M=

A

T = size of primary tumor
N = presence/ absence of lymph node involvement
M = distant metastasis

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100
Q

Grading: I=, II=, III=

A

GRADE I = well differentiated cells (benign)
GRADE II = moderately well differentiated cells
GRADE III = undifferentiated cells (malignant)

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101
Q

4 viral pathologies that are linked to cancer

A

-Human Papillomavirus (HPV)
-Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV)
-Hepatitis B Virus
-Human T-Cell Lymphoma/leukemia (HTLV)

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102
Q

Bacterial infection of skin, blisters, very contagious

A

Bullous Impetigo

103
Q

Same as above (bullous impetigo) only no blisters

A

Non-bullous impetigo

104
Q

Infection that crusts over an ulcer, deeper form of impetigo

A

Ecthyma

105
Q

Infection In lower layers of skin

A

Cellulitis

106
Q

Infection in upper layer of skin

A

Erysipelas

107
Q

Infection of a hair follicle

A

Folliculitis

108
Q

Also known as a boil

A

Furuncle

109
Q

Many furuncles together

A

Carbuncle

110
Q

Chronic inflammation of hair follicular epithelium causing blockages, painful lumps (pustules & nodules)

A

Hidradenitis Suppurativa

111
Q

Infectious fungus or mycosis, lives off keratin

A

Dermatophytosis

112
Q

TINEAS

A

-tinea capitis – scalp
-tinea corporis – general body regions
-tinea pedis – foot
-tinea cruris – groin
-tinea barbae – neck
-tinea faciale – face
-tinea unguium – nails (toe or hand)
-tinea manus – hand
-tinea versicolour – does not cause itching

113
Q

Tiny insects or parasites that live in skin with hair & feed of blood

A

Lice (capitis, corporis, pubis)

114
Q

Leaves wavy trails

A

Mites / scabies

115
Q

Viral infection of skin causing warts, spreads through skin-to-skin contact

A

Viral Molluscum Contagiosum

116
Q

Hair follicle with sebaceous gland obstruction & clogging

A

Acne Vulgaris

-Cuti bacterium

117
Q

Skin irritation with erythema, pustules and telangiectasis over malar areas

A

Acne Rosacea

-Telangiectasia (redness, small widened blood vessels)

118
Q

Shaving rash

A

Pseudofolliculitis Barbae (shaving rash or razor bumps)

119
Q

Hair loss

A

Alopecia

120
Q

Chronic scaly silver-coloured patches caused by overgrowth of the epidermis

A

Psoriasis

121
Q

Inflammatory reaction to drugs, target shaped lesions

A

Erythema Multiforme

122
Q

Much more severe version of Erythema Multiforme

A

Stevens-Johnson Syndrome

123
Q

Allergic contact (dermatitis)

A

sensitization, 48-72 hours later, intense itch, red, vesicles

124
Q

Nummular dermatitis

A

itch, red rash over trunk & butt, vesicles, scales, coin shaped lesions

125
Q

Stasis (venous) dermatitis

A

underlying vascular condition, poor circulation

126
Q

Primary irritant contact

A

chemical damage, edema, red, scale, itch, burn, sting

127
Q

Dermatitis seborrheic

A

irritation of sebaceous glands (dandruff), itch, burn

128
Q

Perioral dermatitis

A

around mouth & also on face

129
Q

Atopic Dermatitis

A

childhood, itch, red lichenification

130
Q

Neurodermatitis scales

A

one intensely itchy patch, causes itch cycle, thick

131
Q

Phototoxic or photoallergic leathery skin (dermatitis)

A

irritation from sunlight UVA

132
Q

Basal cell carcinoma

A

skin cancer of basal cells

133
Q

Basosquamous cell carcinoma

A

skin cancer of squamous cells of skin

134
Q

Malignant melanoma

A

skin cancer develops from pigment producing cells in skin called melanocytes

135
Q

Skin tags: also called…

A

Cutaneous Papilloma (Skin Tag or Acrochordon)

136
Q

Urticaria: also called…

A

Hives

137
Q

Hard thickened areas from too much friction often on feet

A

Corns

138
Q

Same as corns only larger area

A

Callus

139
Q

Bony bump at base of MTP joint

A

Bunion

140
Q

Genetic disorder causing dry thickened scaly skin, a slowing of the skins shedding process

A

Ichthyosis (Vulgaris)

141
Q

Skin loses pigment in an irregular pattern

A

Vitiligo

142
Q

First degree burn affects…

A

DERMIS only affected

143
Q

Second degree burn affects…

A

DERMIS & part of EPIDERMIS

144
Q

Third degree burn affects…

A

DERMIS, EPIDERMIS &

145
Q

A raised scar that is larger than original wound

A

Keloid

146
Q

A raised scar that is same size as original wound

A

Hypertrophic

147
Q

Pharyngitis

A

cold or flu viruses or bacteria (group A streptococcus)

148
Q

Laryngitis

A

respiratory infection, strain from yelling, reflux disease

149
Q

Laryngeal cancer

A

smoking, drinking, occupational exposure, toxic substances, reflux disease

150
Q

Common cold

A

Rhinovirus

151
Q

Infectious mononucleosis

A

Epstein Bar virus

152
Q

Sinusitis

A

viral or bacterial upper respiratory infection

153
Q

Influenza

A

influenza virus strains A, B, or C

154
Q

Inflammation of the pleural membranes

A

Pleurisy (Pleuritis)

155
Q

Collapsed lung: also called…

A

Pneumothorax

156
Q

Air sacs & bronchioles fill with fluid, debris & cellular waste inflammation

A

Pneumonia

157
Q

Build up of excess fluid between pleural membranes

A

Pleural effusion

158
Q

High blood pressure that affects arteries of lungs

A

Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension

159
Q

Excess fluid in air sac of lungs

A

Pulmonary edema

160
Q

Respiratory system fails to maintain gas exchange at alveolar membrane

A

TYPE 1 Respiratory Failure

161
Q

Respiratory system fails to maintain respiratory pump

A

TYPE 2 Respiratory Failure

162
Q

Contagious lung infection that is encapsulated in a tubercle & forms caseous necrosis

A

Tuberculosis (TB)

163
Q

Causes 80-90% of all lung cancers

A

Tobacco smoke

164
Q

Group of respiratory diseases that cause obstruction of airflow

A

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

165
Q

Inflammation of bronchial mucosa, causing swelling hypersecretion of mucus

A

Chronic bronchitis (COPD)

166
Q

What is a blue bloater

A

Chronic bronchitis

“Blue bloater” – named from bluish color (cyanosis) of lips & skin (from lack of oxygen), as well as edema commonly seen in persons suffering from chronic bronchitis

167
Q

Permanent enlargement and destruction of alveoli

A

Emphysema (COPD)

168
Q

What is a pink puffer

A

Emphysema

“Pink puffer” – named from reddish or pink complexion & puffing seen in emphysema

169
Q

Barrel chest, tripod position, clubbing of fingers found in

A

Emphysema (COPD)

170
Q

Bronchiole smooth mm are in spasm

A

Asthma (COPD)

170
Q

Irritating dust particles cause interstitial lung disease

A

Pneumoconiosis (COPD)

171
Q

Weakened bronchiole walls form outpouchings or sacs that fill

A

Bronchiectasis (COPD)

172
Q

Common lung infection in children causing inflammation of the bronchioles

A

Bronchiolitis

173
Q

Genetic disorder causing hypersecretion of mucus, saliva & digestive juices producing cells

A

Cystic Fibrosis

174
Q

Upper airway is obstructed while sleeping causing hypoxia

A

Obstructive Sleep Apnea

175
Q

A clot occludes pulmonary artery partially or completely

A

Pulmonary embolism

176
Q

Where does a pulmonary embolism originate

A

In veins of lower extremity (DVT)

& works its way back up to heart & into first narrowing, pulmonary artery in lungs

177
Q

Reduced blood flow to myocardium causing chest pain, treated with nitroglycerin

A

Angina Pectoris

178
Q

Myocardium damage due to hypoxia, often caused by a blockage

A

Myocardial ischemia

179
Q

Abnormal heartbeat caused by conduction system impairment

A

Arrhythmias or Dysrhythmias

180
Q

Device that helps control abnormal heart beats

A

Pacemaker

181
Q

Inability of heart to pump blood to meet bodys’ demands

A

Congestive Heart Failure

182
Q

Left sided heart failure produces… (congestive heart failure)

A

Congestion in lungs

(Left ventricle can’t pump out to aorta)

183
Q

Right sided heart failure produces… (congestive heart failure)

A

Congestion in liver

(Right ventricle can’t pump out to lungs)

184
Q

Develops after untreated post-streptococcal throat infection

A

Rheumatic fever

185
Q

If Rheumatic fever effects the heart valves, causes damage called

A

Vegetations – abnormal growths made of fibrin, platelets & bacteria

186
Q

dilated heart mm

A

dilated left ventricle, decreases heart’s contractility so blood is pumped less forcefully, predisposes to thrombi & emboli

187
Q

hypertrophic heart mm

A

thickening of left ventricle, interferes with heart’s ability to expand & fill up before contraction

188
Q

restricted heart mm

A

myocardium becomes rigid & less elastic, also interferes with heart’s ability to expand & fill up before contraction

189
Q

Enlarged right ventricle due to pulmonary artery hypertension

A

Cor Pulmonale

190
Q

Osler’s nodes

A

painful red nodules on fingers

(endocarditis)

191
Q

Infection of the interior lining of heart, affecting heart valves

A

Endocarditis (infective endocarditis)

192
Q

Most common cause for this pathology: coxsackie enterovirus, common cold virus, Covid 19, hep B and C and parasites

A

Myocarditis

193
Q

An increase in fluid in the pericardial sac

A

Pericarditis

194
Q

Narrowing of the bicuspid valve caused by rheumatic fever

A

Mitral stenosis (bicuspid valve stenosis)

195
Q

Causes of: congenital, calcification of valve, rheumatic fever

A

Aortic stenosis

196
Q

Interrupted blood supply causing ischemia & hypoxia, tissues dies in 20 minutes

A

Myocardial infarction / heart attack

197
Q

Common causes of myocardial infarction (heart attack)

A

1.Thrombus buildup from atherosclerosis
2.Thromboemboli
3.Vasospasm (often from drugs)

198
Q

Heart stops, loss of consciousness, sudden collapse:

A

Cardiac arrest

199
Q

Formation of a blood clot in an arterial wall

A

Thrombosis

200
Q

Define Virchow’s triad

A

3 factors cause thrombosis/ thrombus formation/ thrombophlebitis (DVT) – “Virchow’s triad”

1) endothelial cell injury
2) blood stasis
3) hypercoagulability of the blood

201
Q

Floating matter in our bloodstream that doesn’t belong and may occlude an artery

A

Embolism

202
Q

Hardening of smaller arteries

A

Arteriosclerosis

203
Q

Most common form of Arteriosclerosis

A

Atherosclerosis

204
Q

Four most common forms of Atherosclerosis

A

Coronary artery disease
Cerebrovascular disease
Atherosclerosis of the aorta (causing aortic aneurysm)
Peripheral artery disease

205
Q

Endothelial injury of an artery wall with a fatty streak made of lipids, cholesterol and other cells

A

Atherosclerosis

206
Q

Modifiable risk factors of Atherosclerosis

A

Obesity, elevated LDLs, smoking, sedentary lifestyle, diabetes & hypertension

207
Q

Atherosclerosis of arteries surrounding heart

A

Coronary Artery Disease

208
Q

Surgeons use a healthy vein from elsewhere in the body and use it to bypass a blocked artery of the heart

A

Coronary Bypass

209
Q

Peripheral pulses distal to occluded blood vessels are absent

A

Peripheral Arterial Disease (PAD)

210
Q

Called the “SILENT KILLER”

A

Hypertension (high blood pressure)

211
Q

What is normal blood pressure

A

120/180

212
Q

What is low blood pressure

A

Below 90/60

213
Q

Blood vessel wall weakness that forms a pouch

A

Aneurysm

214
Q

Aneurysm in head called

A

Cerebral Aneurysm – may cause headache/ stroke

215
Q

Aneurysm in abdomen

A

Abdominal Aneurysm – may result in abdominal or back pain with a palpable pulsing mass in abdomen

216
Q

Aneurysm in thoracic causes

A

Difficulty swallowing (dysphagia) or difficulty breathing (dyspnea)

217
Q

Type of stroke, 80% of all

A

Ischemic – CVA / stroke

218
Q

Type of stroke, liquifies brain tissue

A

Hemorrhagic

219
Q

Sudden drop in blood pressure causing lightheadedness, after standing up

A

Orthostatic Hypotension or Postural Hypotension

220
Q

Colors of skin, often in hands: White, blue and red

A

Raynaud Disease or Syndrome or Phenomenon

221
Q

Young man who is a smoker: inflammation of small to medium arteries in extremities

A

Thromboangiitis Obliterans (TAO) or Buerger’s Disease

222
Q

Inflammation of a vein

A

Phlebitis

223
Q

Where does a DVT come from?

A

a) venous stasis from prolonged inactivity
b) trauma to venous wall from IV or chemicals
c) increased blood hypercoagulability

224
Q

Where does a DVT occlude or block?

A

May lodge in pulmonary artery causing a pulmonary embolism, which is life threatening

225
Q

Dilated, twisted veins due to damaged wall & incompetent valves

A

Varicose veins

226
Q

Life threatening condition, where body does not get enough blood or oxygen & nutrients, has many types

A

Circulatory Shock (fluid & hemodynamic pathologies)

227
Q

Takayasu arteritis (type of vessel affected)

A

large vessels (aorta & large branches)

228
Q

Giant Cell arteritis or Temporal arteritis (type of vessel affected)

A

infection of superficial temporal artery & other arteries that supply head, eyes & jaw

229
Q

Polyarteritis nodosa (type of vessel affected)

A

medium sized vessels, may affect CNS, PNS, kidneys, GI tract, muscles & heart

230
Q

Etiology of infective arteries

A

Unknown, autoimmune disorder

231
Q

Nitrogen dissolves too quickly in blood & forms bubbles that act like an embolism

A

Decompression illness

232
Q

Limitation of blood flow due to pressure causing necrosis and tissue death

A

Etiology of: Decubitus Ulcers (bed sores, or pressure ulcers)

233
Q

Autoimmune disease where immune cells attack the walls of blood vessels causing inflammation

A

Vasculitis

234
Q

Most serious complication in diabetes causing mortality affecting basement membrane in capillary beds

A

Diabetic Microangiopathy

235
Q

2 most common causes is gallstones & alcohol abuse

A

Pancreatitis – acute & chronic

236
Q

Cancer with highest mortality rate (92%)

A

Pancreatic cancer

237
Q

TYPE 1 diabetes characteristics

A

-10% of all cases
-insulin dependent
-autoimmune disease
-sudden onset
-must inject insulin
-body shape is small & thin
-common in children

238
Q

TYPE 2 diabetes characteristics

A

-linked to obesity & sedentary lifestyle
-body shape is obese
-common in over 40 age group
-often preventable
-beta cells destroyed
-3 P’s
-gradual onset
-90% of all cases
-insulin receptors insensitive

239
Q

Lack of digestive enzymes often caused by cystic fibrosis

A

Pancreatic Insufficiency

240
Q

Hypersecretion of cells that produce mucus, saliva, sweat & digestive juices

A

Cystic fibrosis (CF)

241
Q

Sodium faulty transport produces dehydration causing

A

Primary Aldosteronism Conn’s Syndrome

242
Q

Hypercortisolism

A

Excessive amounts of cortisol in blood – Cushing’s Syndrome

243
Q

Hypocortisolism

A

Addison’s disease – adrenal insufficiency

244
Q

Hypersecretion of growth hormone during childhood

A

Gigantism (hypopituitary disorder)

245
Q

Hypersecretion of growth hormone during adulthood

A

Acromegaly

246
Q

Pituitary gland sits in the…

A

Pituitary gland sits & fills in sella turcica

247
Q

Pituitary gland is squashed by…

A

cerebrospinal fluid

248
Q

Often Empty Sella Syndrome does not affect the function of the…

A

Pituitary gland

249
Q

A tumor in adrenal cortex, affecting aldosterone production causing overproduction & affecting salt & potassium

A

Primary Aldosteronism – Conn’s Syndrome

250
Q

Autoimmune disease that causes hyperactivity of the thyroid gland

A

Hyperthyroidism – Graves disease

251
Q

2 special items for Graves disease

A

beta-blockers and anti-thyroidal drugs

252
Q

First ever autoimmune disease discovered

A

Hashimoto’s disease

253
Q

Imbalance in calcium metabolism

A

Hyperparathyroidism

PATHOLOGY I (17 decks)

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