quiz #4 - hints Flashcards
LUNG CANCER (causes)
-tobacco smoke contains carcinogens & is cause of 80-90% of all lung cancers
-second hand smoke increases risk by 30%
-environmental/ occupational exposure to silica, coal dust, radon, vinyl chloride or asbestos
SINUS INFECTION (causes)
-viral/ bacterial upper respiratory tract infection
-may be caused by allergens, atmospheric changes or polyps
PNEUMONIA (causes)
-75% bacterial
-also viruses, fungi, protozoa, parasites or inhalation of a toxin or aspiration of vomitus
PULMONARY EDEMA (causes)
congestive heart failure, heart attack, damaged valves, pneumonia, kidney failure
MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION (causes)
- Thrombus buildup from atherosclerosis
- Thromboemboli
- Vasospasm (often from drugs)
LARYNGITIS (signs & syptoms)
loss of voice, hoarseness, fever, painful swallowing (dysphagia), dry scratchy throat, coughing and sneezing
ASTHMA (signs & symptoms)
-wheezing, prolonged expiration, shortness of breath, sensation of chest tightness & coughing with mucus (worse at night & early morning)
-cyanosis (bluish skin color) or pallor (paleness/ lack of skin color)
-may be anxious/ unable to speak more than few words without stopping to breathe
CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE (signs & symptoms) - left & right
LEFT: congestion in lungs, pulmonary congestion & edema
RIGHT: congestion in liver (liver enlarges-hepatomegaly), GI tract & lower extremities
RHEUMATIC HEART DISEASE (signs & symptoms)
shortness of breath, dry cough, tachycardia, lower extremity edema, fatigue, low fever, loss of appetite, nosebleeds, chest pain, nodules on skin, red rash on chest, back & abdomen
CARDIAC ARREST (signs & symptoms)
loss of consciousness, sudden collapse
EMPHYSEMA (signs & symptoms)
shortness of breath, wheezing with prolonged expiration
-barrel chest
-tripod position
-clubbing of fingers
=PINK PUFFER
CYSTIC FIBROSIS (signs & symptoms)
-overproduction of thick mucus, causes chronic obstruction, inflammation & infection of respiratory tract
-cough, wheezing, shortness of breath, barrel chest & clubbing of fingernails & toenails
-frequent lung infections, poor growth, male infertility
-bulky, foul-smelling stools, poor nutrition & small stature
PULMONARY EMBOLISM (signs & symptoms)
-symptoms do not show up until embolism has lodged in a vessel, clinical signs depend on size of clot & where it is
SMALL: coughing, shortness of breath & mild, transient chest pain
LARGER: shortness of breath & chest pain intensifies with deep breathing/ while coughing
PNEUMOCONIOSIS (signs & symptoms)
similar to chronic bronchitis
-coughing, sore throat, wheezing, shortness of breath, tightness in chest, weight loss, fever, finger clubbing & fatigue
CHRONIC BRONCHITIS
inflammation of bronchial mucosa causing swelling & hypersecretion of mucus, impairs ciliary action & narrows airways, causing irreversible fibrotic changes in bronchial lining
→ children of parents who smoke are at risk for developing chronic bronchitis
=”blue bloater”
EMPHYSEMA
permanent enlargement of lower airways with destruction of alveolar walls, less stretchable
-obstruction of airflow caused by lung tissue damage not mucus overproduction & inflammation
-affects mostly alveoli & distal branches of bronchioles
= “pink puffer”
PNEUMOCONIOSIS (COPD)
Interstitial lung disease caused by irritating dust particle inhalation – develops gradually over long period of time – dust deposits into tissues causing chronic inflammation, fibrosis & infection
-occupational (8 hours day, 5 days week) tissues can not remove all dust particles so they accumulate – separate diseases named by dust particle:
ASBESTOS: most common type of pneumoconiosis
ANTHRACOSIS: coal dust, also called “Black Lung” disease
SILICOSIS: crystalline silica dust
BRONCHIECTASIS (COPD)
Irreversible dilation of bronchi from infection or inflammation of airways, weakens bronchial walls – sacs form in weakened areas & fill up with fluid → become stagnant pools of mucus & breed bacteria & infection, obstructing airflow
CYSTIC FIBROSIS (COPD)
progressive genetic disorder, causes hypersecretion of cells that produce mucus, saliva & digestive juices
OBSTRUCTIVE SLEEP APNEA (COPD)
just obstruction, not really a disease
-temporary cessation of breathing (lasting 15 seconds)
-more often in men than women
-hypoxia common
RAYNAUD’S (disease/ syndrome/ phenomenon)
arterial vasospasms in superficial tissues of fingers & toes, (may also affect tip of nose, ears, parts of cheek & tongue) – periodic & temporary
-primary = Raynaud’s Disease (most common)
-secondary to another disease (scleroderma , SLE, carpal tunnel, smoking, medications) = Raynaud’s Syndrome/ Phenomenon
BUERGER’S DISEASE (Thromboangiitis Obliterans (TAO))
rare pathology, inflammation of small to medium sized arteries in extremities, sometimes nearby veins & nerves causing them to swell
-damages skin tissues
-thrombi form easily causing occlusions
-most commonly affects young men before age 35
-smokers
VARICOSE VEINS (characteristics)
veins dilated & twisted because of damaged walls & incompetent valves
-usually irreversible, causes varicosities to form where blood flow is slow & turbulent favoring clotting, thrombus formation or thrombophlebitis
-in lower extremities, may form in esophagus & rectum
PHLEBITIS (characteristics)
-inflammation of a vein, usually in extremities, could be anywhere
-caused by venous stasis, after acute infection, surgery, childbirth, prolonged sitting, immobilization, injection of medications directly into a vein
-poor circulation
-pain, swelling, hot or cold to touch, cord-like mass develops under skin
ANEURYSMS (characteristics)
-blood vessel wall weakness, forms pouch outward enlarging artery
-creating thrombus formation & later embolus
-weakness may leak/ rupture causing bleeding & possibly death
-most common = abdominal aortic aneurysm
-may occur in cerebral arteries causing stroke/ in extremities
ANEURYSMS (characteristics) - 2 types
TRUE: weakness & damage involves all three arterial layers
FALSE: tear in artery, blood collects just outside wall but remains in surrounding tissues
EMBOLISM (characteristics)
embolus may be any floating matter in bloodstream, if it occludes or blocks a vessel = embolism
most common: from thrombus (now called thromboemboli)
COR PULMONALE (characteristics)
-right ventricle of heart becomes enlarged & eventually dysfunctional due to pulmonary artery hypertension
-causes right ventricular failure – usually chronic
CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE (characteristics)
= atherosclerosis in coronary arteries
-plaque deposits forms fatty streak which narrows lumen & reduces blood flow to myocardium
-fatty streak made of lipids, cholesterol & other cells
-narrowing may cause ischemia to myocardial tissue & myocardial infarction
= most common heart disease
ATHEROSCLEROSIS (characteristics)
type of arteriosclerosis, made of fatty plaques that form on inside of middle to large size arteries
-diabetes, hypertension & smoking all accelerate process of plaque formation leading to narrowed arteries & reduced blood flow
CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE (characteristics)
-inability of heart to pump blood to meet body’s demands
-blood backs up & congests ventricles of heart (60% of time it is on LEFT side of heart) or lungs
-more like syndrome than disease, often associated with hypertension or CAD
-most common reason for hospitalization for 65 & over
-frequently cause arrhythmias
MITRAL VALVE STENOSIS (characteristics)
narrowing of bicuspid valve, causing abnormal opening & blocking blood flow from left atrium to left ventricle
RHEUMATIC HEART DISEASE (characteristics)
after rheumatic fever infection (strep throat), infection can manifest in all 3 layers of heart (endocarditis, myocarditis, pericarditis)
-endocarditis = valve damage (mitral & aortic) or stenosis (narrowing) – valve damage produced is called VEGETATIONS
-vegetations = ASCHOFF BODIES
TWO main types CVA’s/ stroke
ISCHEMIC: 80% of all, artery occluded by a thrombus or embolus, (atherosclerosis)
HEMORRHAGIC: 20% of all, artery has ruptured & is bleeding directly into brain tissue, blood liquefies brain tissue on contact leaving behind mushy filled cavity of dead brain tissue – involves larger area of brain & more severe
TWO main types CVA’s/ stroke - CAUSES
ISCHEMIC: most commonly caused by atherosclerosis, also by head trauma, blood disorders, heart disorders, diabetes, SLE
HEMORRHAGIC: most commonly caused by hypertension & cerebral aneurysms
PERIPHERAL ARTERY DISEASE (causes)
atherosclerotic plaque deposits stick to inside of peripheral artery walls
MITRAL VALVE STENOSIS (causes)
streptococcus infection called rheumatic fever, calcium deposits
CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE (causes)
atherosclerotic plaque deposits on inside of coronary artery walls
THROMBOSIS (causes)
3 factors cause thrombosis: = “Virchow’s Triad”
1) endothelial cell injury
2) blood stasis
3) hypercoagulability of the blood
RHEUMATIC HEART DISEASE (causes)
unknown, related to rheumatic fever
COR PULMONALE (causes)
pulmonary hypertension (caused by COPD mostly, or embolism, vasoconstriction, mechanical ventilation)
MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION / heart attack (causes) - 3 things
1.Thrombus buildup from atherosclerosis
2.Thromboemboli
3.Vasospasm (often from drugs)
ANGINA PECTORIS (Tx)
sublingual nitroglycerin - dilates blood vessels, discontinue strenuous activity, if caused by atherosclerosis nitroglycerin becomes less effective
TUBERCULOSIS (Tx)
cocktail of 4 anti-TB drugs for 6-9 months
TACHYCARDIA
too fast: over 100 = tachycardia
BRADYCARDIA
too slow: under 50 = bradycardia
normal heartbeat
50-100 beats per minute
ASCHOFF BODIES (rheumatic heart disease)
round, spindle shaped nodules, found in myocardium made of clumps of lymphocytes & fibroblasts
-If nodules are near conduction system they interfere with rhythmicity of heart
VEGETATIONS (rheumatic heart disease)
-endocarditis may lead to valve damage (mitral & aortic) or stenosis (narrowing) as it is made of same tissue
-valve damage produced = vegetations
-vegetations = Aschoff Bodies → can break off & give rise to embolism which can cause infarction
CARDIOMYOPATHY
disease of heart mm that changes in myocardium, associated with inadequate heart pumping – may lead to heart failure
how does cardiomyopathy affect heart muscle? - 3 things
- dilated: dilated left ventricle, decreases heart’s contractility so blood is pumped less forcefully, predisposes to thrombi & emboli
- hypertrophic: thickening of left ventricle, interferes with heart’s ability to expand & fill up before contraction
- restricted: myocardium becomes rigid & less elastic, interferes with heart’s ability to expand & fill up before contraction
MYOCARDITIS
-inflammation of heart mm/ myocardium, caused by infection of viruses/ parasites
-related to cardiomyopathy
-may affect myocardium but also may affect heart’s conduction system
PERICARDITIS
-inflammation of pericardium surrounding heart
-causes fluid build up in pericardial space which can compress heart
-pericardial layers may also become adhesed, which impairs function
ENDOCARDITIS (infective)
infection then inflammation of interior lining of heart (endocardium) from a bacterial infection
SLEEP APNEA - what is occurring
-just an obstruction, not really a disease
-temporary cessation of breathing (lasting 15 seconds)
O2 low, CO2 high
levels slowly build up in blood while sleeping → brain senses changes & wakes you to breathe normally – may wake up 20-30x per hour
obstructive sleep apnea
more common, occurs when upper airflow is blocked, associated with obesity
central sleep apnea
less common (less than 10%), occurs when brain fails to transmit signals to breathing center & intercostal muscles – may be associated with cardiovascular diseases like hypertension
