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PATHOLOGY I > quiz #4 - hints > Flashcards

quiz #4 - hints Flashcards

1
Q

LUNG CANCER (causes)

A

-tobacco smoke contains carcinogens & is cause of 80-90% of all lung cancers
-second hand smoke increases risk by 30%
-environmental/ occupational exposure to silica, coal dust, radon, vinyl chloride or asbestos

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2
Q

SINUS INFECTION (causes)

A

-viral/ bacterial upper respiratory tract infection
-may be caused by allergens, atmospheric changes or polyps

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3
Q

PNEUMONIA (causes)

A

-75% bacterial
-also viruses, fungi, protozoa, parasites or inhalation of a toxin or aspiration of vomitus

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4
Q

PULMONARY EDEMA (causes)

A

congestive heart failure, heart attack, damaged valves, pneumonia, kidney failure

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5
Q

MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION (causes)

A
  1. Thrombus buildup from atherosclerosis
  2. Thromboemboli
  3. Vasospasm (often from drugs)
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6
Q

LARYNGITIS (signs & syptoms)

A

loss of voice, hoarseness, fever, painful swallowing (dysphagia), dry scratchy throat, coughing and sneezing

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7
Q

ASTHMA (signs & symptoms)

A

-wheezing, prolonged expiration, shortness of breath, sensation of chest tightness & coughing with mucus (worse at night & early morning)
-cyanosis (bluish skin color) or pallor (paleness/ lack of skin color)
-may be anxious/ unable to speak more than few words without stopping to breathe

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8
Q

CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE (signs & symptoms) - left & right

A

LEFT: congestion in lungs, pulmonary congestion & edema

RIGHT: congestion in liver (liver enlarges-hepatomegaly), GI tract & lower extremities

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9
Q

RHEUMATIC HEART DISEASE (signs & symptoms)

A

shortness of breath, dry cough, tachycardia, lower extremity edema, fatigue, low fever, loss of appetite, nosebleeds, chest pain, nodules on skin, red rash on chest, back & abdomen

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10
Q

CARDIAC ARREST (signs & symptoms)

A

loss of consciousness, sudden collapse

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11
Q

EMPHYSEMA (signs & symptoms)

A

shortness of breath, wheezing with prolonged expiration
-barrel chest
-tripod position
-clubbing of fingers
=PINK PUFFER

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12
Q

CYSTIC FIBROSIS (signs & symptoms)

A

-overproduction of thick mucus, causes chronic obstruction, inflammation & infection of respiratory tract
-cough, wheezing, shortness of breath, barrel chest & clubbing of fingernails & toenails
-frequent lung infections, poor growth, male infertility
-bulky, foul-smelling stools, poor nutrition & small stature

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13
Q

PULMONARY EMBOLISM (signs & symptoms)

A

-symptoms do not show up until embolism has lodged in a vessel, clinical signs depend on size of clot & where it is
SMALL: coughing, shortness of breath & mild, transient chest pain
LARGER: shortness of breath & chest pain intensifies with deep breathing/ while coughing

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14
Q

PNEUMOCONIOSIS (signs & symptoms)

A

similar to chronic bronchitis
-coughing, sore throat, wheezing, shortness of breath, tightness in chest, weight loss, fever, finger clubbing & fatigue

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15
Q

CHRONIC BRONCHITIS

A

inflammation of bronchial mucosa causing swelling & hypersecretion of mucus, impairs ciliary action & narrows airways, causing irreversible fibrotic changes in bronchial lining
→ children of parents who smoke are at risk for developing chronic bronchitis
=”blue bloater”

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16
Q

EMPHYSEMA

A

permanent enlargement of lower airways with destruction of alveolar walls, less stretchable
-obstruction of airflow caused by lung tissue damage not mucus overproduction & inflammation
-affects mostly alveoli & distal branches of bronchioles
= “pink puffer”

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17
Q

PNEUMOCONIOSIS (COPD)

A

Interstitial lung disease caused by irritating dust particle inhalation – develops gradually over long period of time – dust deposits into tissues causing chronic inflammation, fibrosis & infection
-occupational (8 hours day, 5 days week) tissues can not remove all dust particles so they accumulate – separate diseases named by dust particle:
ASBESTOS: most common type of pneumoconiosis
ANTHRACOSIS: coal dust, also called “Black Lung” disease
SILICOSIS: crystalline silica dust

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18
Q

BRONCHIECTASIS (COPD)

A

Irreversible dilation of bronchi from infection or inflammation of airways, weakens bronchial walls – sacs form in weakened areas & fill up with fluid → become stagnant pools of mucus & breed bacteria & infection, obstructing airflow

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19
Q

CYSTIC FIBROSIS (COPD)

A

progressive genetic disorder, causes hypersecretion of cells that produce mucus, saliva & digestive juices

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20
Q

OBSTRUCTIVE SLEEP APNEA (COPD)

A

just obstruction, not really a disease
-temporary cessation of breathing (lasting 15 seconds)
-more often in men than women
-hypoxia common

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21
Q

RAYNAUD’S (disease/ syndrome/ phenomenon)

A

arterial vasospasms in superficial tissues of fingers & toes, (may also affect tip of nose, ears, parts of cheek & tongue) – periodic & temporary
-primary = Raynaud’s Disease (most common)
-secondary to another disease (scleroderma , SLE, carpal tunnel, smoking, medications) = Raynaud’s Syndrome/ Phenomenon

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22
Q

BUERGER’S DISEASE (Thromboangiitis Obliterans (TAO))

A

rare pathology, inflammation of small to medium sized arteries in extremities, sometimes nearby veins & nerves causing them to swell
-damages skin tissues
-thrombi form easily causing occlusions
-most commonly affects young men before age 35
-smokers

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23
Q

VARICOSE VEINS (characteristics)

A

veins dilated & twisted because of damaged walls & incompetent valves
-usually irreversible, causes varicosities to form where blood flow is slow & turbulent favoring clotting, thrombus formation or thrombophlebitis
-in lower extremities, may form in esophagus & rectum

24
Q

PHLEBITIS (characteristics)

A

-inflammation of a vein, usually in extremities, could be anywhere
-caused by venous stasis, after acute infection, surgery, childbirth, prolonged sitting, immobilization, injection of medications directly into a vein
-poor circulation
-pain, swelling, hot or cold to touch, cord-like mass develops under skin

25
Q

ANEURYSMS (characteristics)

A

-blood vessel wall weakness, forms pouch outward enlarging artery
-creating thrombus formation & later embolus
-weakness may leak/ rupture causing bleeding & possibly death
-most common = abdominal aortic aneurysm
-may occur in cerebral arteries causing stroke/ in extremities

26
Q

ANEURYSMS (characteristics) - 2 types

A

TRUE: weakness & damage involves all three arterial layers

FALSE: tear in artery, blood collects just outside wall but remains in surrounding tissues

27
Q

EMBOLISM (characteristics)

A

embolus may be any floating matter in bloodstream, if it occludes or blocks a vessel = embolism
most common: from thrombus (now called thromboemboli)

28
Q

COR PULMONALE (characteristics)

A

-right ventricle of heart becomes enlarged & eventually dysfunctional due to pulmonary artery hypertension
-causes right ventricular failure – usually chronic

29
Q

CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE (characteristics)

A

= atherosclerosis in coronary arteries
-plaque deposits forms fatty streak which narrows lumen & reduces blood flow to myocardium
-fatty streak made of lipids, cholesterol & other cells
-narrowing may cause ischemia to myocardial tissue & myocardial infarction
= most common heart disease

30
Q

ATHEROSCLEROSIS (characteristics)

A

type of arteriosclerosis, made of fatty plaques that form on inside of middle to large size arteries
-diabetes, hypertension & smoking all accelerate process of plaque formation leading to narrowed arteries & reduced blood flow

31
Q

CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE (characteristics)

A

-inability of heart to pump blood to meet body’s demands
-blood backs up & congests ventricles of heart (60% of time it is on LEFT side of heart) or lungs
-more like syndrome than disease, often associated with hypertension or CAD
-most common reason for hospitalization for 65 & over
-frequently cause arrhythmias

32
Q

MITRAL VALVE STENOSIS (characteristics)

A

narrowing of bicuspid valve, causing abnormal opening & blocking blood flow from left atrium to left ventricle

33
Q

RHEUMATIC HEART DISEASE (characteristics)

A

after rheumatic fever infection (strep throat), infection can manifest in all 3 layers of heart (endocarditis, myocarditis, pericarditis)
-endocarditis = valve damage (mitral & aortic) or stenosis (narrowing) – valve damage produced is called VEGETATIONS
-vegetations = ASCHOFF BODIES

34
Q

TWO main types CVA’s/ stroke

A

ISCHEMIC: 80% of all, artery occluded by a thrombus or embolus, (atherosclerosis)

HEMORRHAGIC: 20% of all, artery has ruptured & is bleeding directly into brain tissue, blood liquefies brain tissue on contact leaving behind mushy filled cavity of dead brain tissue – involves larger area of brain & more severe

35
Q

TWO main types CVA’s/ stroke - CAUSES

A

ISCHEMIC: most commonly caused by atherosclerosis, also by head trauma, blood disorders, heart disorders, diabetes, SLE

HEMORRHAGIC: most commonly caused by hypertension & cerebral aneurysms

36
Q

PERIPHERAL ARTERY DISEASE (causes)

A

atherosclerotic plaque deposits stick to inside of peripheral artery walls

37
Q

MITRAL VALVE STENOSIS (causes)

A

streptococcus infection called rheumatic fever, calcium deposits

38
Q

CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE (causes)

A

atherosclerotic plaque deposits on inside of coronary artery walls

39
Q

THROMBOSIS (causes)

A

3 factors cause thrombosis: = “Virchow’s Triad”
1) endothelial cell injury
2) blood stasis
3) hypercoagulability of the blood

40
Q

RHEUMATIC HEART DISEASE (causes)

A

unknown, related to rheumatic fever

41
Q

COR PULMONALE (causes)

A

pulmonary hypertension (caused by COPD mostly, or embolism, vasoconstriction, mechanical ventilation)

42
Q

MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION / heart attack (causes) - 3 things

A

1.Thrombus buildup from atherosclerosis
2.Thromboemboli
3.Vasospasm (often from drugs)

43
Q

ANGINA PECTORIS (Tx)

A

sublingual nitroglycerin - dilates blood vessels, discontinue strenuous activity, if caused by atherosclerosis nitroglycerin becomes less effective

44
Q

TUBERCULOSIS (Tx)

A

cocktail of 4 anti-TB drugs for 6-9 months

45
Q

TACHYCARDIA

A

too fast: over 100 = tachycardia

46
Q

BRADYCARDIA

A

too slow: under 50 = bradycardia

47
Q

normal heartbeat

A

50-100 beats per minute

48
Q

ASCHOFF BODIES (rheumatic heart disease)

A

round, spindle shaped nodules, found in myocardium made of clumps of lymphocytes & fibroblasts
-If nodules are near conduction system they interfere with rhythmicity of heart

49
Q

VEGETATIONS (rheumatic heart disease)

A

-endocarditis may lead to valve damage (mitral & aortic) or stenosis (narrowing) as it is made of same tissue
-valve damage produced = vegetations
-vegetations = Aschoff Bodies → can break off & give rise to embolism which can cause infarction

50
Q

CARDIOMYOPATHY

A

disease of heart mm that changes in myocardium, associated with inadequate heart pumping – may lead to heart failure

51
Q

how does cardiomyopathy affect heart muscle? - 3 things

A
  1. dilated: dilated left ventricle, decreases heart’s contractility so blood is pumped less forcefully, predisposes to thrombi & emboli
  2. hypertrophic: thickening of left ventricle, interferes with heart’s ability to expand & fill up before contraction
  3. restricted: myocardium becomes rigid & less elastic, interferes with heart’s ability to expand & fill up before contraction
52
Q

MYOCARDITIS

A

-inflammation of heart mm/ myocardium, caused by infection of viruses/ parasites
-related to cardiomyopathy
-may affect myocardium but also may affect heart’s conduction system

53
Q

PERICARDITIS

A

-inflammation of pericardium surrounding heart
-causes fluid build up in pericardial space which can compress heart
-pericardial layers may also become adhesed, which impairs function

54
Q

ENDOCARDITIS (infective)

A

infection then inflammation of interior lining of heart (endocardium) from a bacterial infection

55
Q

SLEEP APNEA - what is occurring

A

-just an obstruction, not really a disease
-temporary cessation of breathing (lasting 15 seconds)

O2 low, CO2 high
levels slowly build up in blood while sleeping → brain senses changes & wakes you to breathe normally – may wake up 20-30x per hour

56
Q

obstructive sleep apnea

A

more common, occurs when upper airflow is blocked, associated with obesity

57
Q

central sleep apnea

A

less common (less than 10%), occurs when brain fails to transmit signals to breathing center & intercostal muscles – may be associated with cardiovascular diseases like hypertension

PATHOLOGY I (17 decks)

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