quiz #2 - TYPES of infections & disease

Question 1

HERPES virus

Answer 1

family of DNA virus that cause infections:
Virus hides in dorsal root ganglia of spinal cord & appears when body is stressed

Question 2

5 different herpes viruses

Answer 2

Herpes simplex 1 (oral lesions)
Herpes simplex 2 (genital lesions)
Varicella- Zoster virus (shingles)
Epstein-Barr virus
Cytomegalovirus

Question 3

HERPES SIMPLEX 1

Answer 3

man is only natural host, spread by contact
-affects skin/ mucous membranes
-often asymptomatic, most common cause of “cold sores” or oral lesions (painful blisters)

Question 4

HERPES SIMPLEX 2

Answer 4

sexually transmitted via genital, oral or anal contact, via placenta at birth
-life long infection, chronic, incurable with outbreaks & remissions
-outbreaks: physical, hormonal, immunological stressors
-cold sores, fever, vaginal discharge, dysuria

Question 5

LYME DISEASE - transmission

Answer 5

injected in body by tick bite from deer (blacklegged tick)

Question 6

LEPROSY - transmission

Answer 6

-spread with close & repeated contact with nose & mouth droplets of someone who is infected
-takes 3-5 years for symptoms to show, affects mostly skin & peripheral nerves

Question 7

TB - transmission

Answer 7

caused by inhaled, airborne droplets that establish in lungs causing caseous granulomas
*leading cause of infection in the WORLD

Question 8

BLACK PLAGUE - transmission

Answer 8

transmitted by fleas on rats → fleas bite humans & other mammals & transmit bacteria
-also via human to human inhaling droplets

Question 9

CANDIDIASIS - transmission

Answer 9

yeast infection, candida albican, is normal in our GI tract, mouth, genital areas & on skin
-infection = overgrowth of candida that cause symptoms
-IMBALANCE of candida causing pathology

Question 10

RHINOVIRUS - transmission

Answer 10

over 200 strains that are spread through airborne droplets or from fomites
-highly contagious, often leads to ear, sinus, lung infections

Question 11

INFLUENZA - transmission

Answer 11

by infected droplets/ touching fomites then touching mouth or nose

Question 12

GONORRHEA - characteristics

Answer 12

STI of urogenital tract – may also infect pharynx, eyes, rectum
-occurs mostly through sexual activity/ from pregnant women
-epithelial damage
-fever, chills, joint pain, swelling, skin rash, may be asymptomatic
-men: penile discharge, swollen testicles, dysuria, sore throat
-women: thick vaginal discharge, local burning & itching dysuria

Question 13

CHLAMYDIA - characteristics

Answer 13

most common STI
-infection in urogenital tract (urinary & genital)
-called “silent STD” → symptoms minor/ absent so transmission occurs unknowingly
-most common cause of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) & ectopic pregnancy
-often accompanied by gonorrhea/ syphilis (20-30%)
-transmitted via genital, anal, oral contact, may transmit from mother to baby
-burning & itching with thick discharge, dysuria, painful intercourse

Question 14

PAPILLOMAVIRUS (HPV) - characteristics

Answer 14

STI causing skin lesions – lesions soft & clustered in groups often in genitalia, perineal or perianal regions
-may develop in mouth/ throat
-pregnancy increases growth & spread, may spread to baby
-may lead to cervical cancer
-most common STD (70% adults)
-causes gentital warts & may also cause warts located on other parts of body

Question 15

SYPHILIS - characteristics

Answer 15

STI – transmitted by contact with infected body fluid
-Bacteria “treponema pallidum” invaded & causes tissue to fibrose & die causing necrosis – tissue forms “gummas” which act like tumors, growing & taking resources → invaded sensitive tissue causing many systemic symptoms

Question 16

SYPHILIS - 4 stages if untreated

Answer 16

PRIMARY: 3wks after exposure, painless lesion = chancre
SECONDARY: 6wks after chancre, rash
LATENT: rash
TERTIARY: cardiovascular & neurological symptoms

Question 17

NECROTIZING FASCIITIS - characteristics

Answer 17

bacterial infection that attacks & destroys skin, fat, CT (superficial fascia) over mm, also called “flesh eating” disease – may be serious & fatal
-may spread with direct contact, spreads quickly along fascial planes, common in extremities

Question 18

ENTEROVIRUS - characteristics

Answer 18

affects GI tract & may cause respiratory/ nervous system infections
virus enters through mouth via fecel-oral route – replicates submucosal tissues of GI tract (peyer’s patches), they migrate to different systems & damage tissues
-flu like symptoms, rash, blisters, motor neuron damage & mm weakness lead to paralysis in poliomyelitis

Question 19

POLIOMYELITIS - characteristics

Answer 19

“polio” – once ingested travels to anterior horn of spinal cord, multiplies & damages motor neurons causing mm weakness & flaccid paralysis

Question 20

RHINOVIRUS - characteristics

Answer 20

attacks upper respiratory tracts, attaches to & replicates in epithelial cell on lining – leads to immune response to infection causing inflammation & destruction of epithelial cells
-runny nose, coughing, watery eyes, yellow discharge

Question 21

the plague (YERSINIA PESTIS) - characteristics

Answer 21

in bloodstream, avoidance of phagocytes & other immune cells allow it to replicate uncontrollably & cause inflammation & cell destruction
-enlarged lymph nodes, fever, headache, bloody/ watery cough

Question 22

STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS - characteristics

Answer 22

bacteria lives on skin & in mucosal tissues → if bacteria enters bloodstream, joints, bones, lungs, or heart, can be life threatening

Question 23

MENINGITIS (MENINGOCOCCAL) - characteristics

Answer 23

Inflammation of fluid & membranes of meninges
-affects pia & arachnoid layers that swell due to inflammation, pus forms around brain
-headaches, hyperextended stiff neck, nausea, vomiting, rash, organ failure, shock, chills, fever, rash

Question 24

CLOSTRIDIUM BOTULINUM - characteristics

Answer 24

when in bloodstream → bacteria produces dangerous toxins that block nerve functions & lead to respiratory / muscular paralysis
-nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, diarrhea, weakness & paralysis, mm weakness → starts in mm supplied by cranial nerves

Question 25

CLOSTRIDIUM BOTULINUM - 3 types

Answer 25

type C difficile
type C tetani
type C botulinum

Question 26

GROUP A strep infection (streptococcus pyogenes) - symptoms & complications

Answer 26

strep throat, fever, cellulitis, impetigo, necrotizing fasciitis) – can be suppurative (pus) or non suppurative → transmission via contact, droplets, food borne
-Strep throat - pharyngitis
-Localized skin infection - impetigo
-Rheumatic fever
-Necrotizing fasciitis / flesh eating disease
*sensitive to penicillin

Question 27

VIRULENCE

Answer 27

number of organisms & time they take to start infection process in a new host