Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PATHOLOGY I > FINAL - HINTS > Flashcards

FINAL - HINTS Flashcards

1
Q

referred pain

A

source derived from same embryonic segment as site of pain, we call segments DERMATOMES

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

stress - cortisol

A

substance P = enhances pain

massage reduces levels of cortisol & substance P

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

5 cardinal signs of inflammation (PRISH)

A

heat
redness
swelling
pain
loss of use/ dysfunction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

histamine

A

-released from platelets & mast cells
-occurs quickly, lasts less than 30min
-makes gaps in endothelial lining
=leakier

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

bradykinin

A

-released from plasma
-slower reaction than histamine
-accounts for pain felt in inflammation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

compliment system - activated in cascade: 3 ways

A
  1. classical pathway
  2. alternative pathway
  3. lectin pathway

lead to membrane attack complex (MAC)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

arachidonic acid dervatives

A

-lipoxygenases: leukotrienes
-cyclooxygenases: prostaglandins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

wound healing

A

-events that occur after skin injury
-CT cells: produce scar tissue (myofibroblasts, angioblasts, fibroblasts)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

infectious diseases caused by…

A

microorganisms invading the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

1st, 2nd, 3rd line of defence

A

1st: mechanical barriers- integrity of epithelial surfaces
2nd: inflammation
3rd: acquired immune response (adaptive)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

ENDOGENOUS (sources of infection)

A

from source WITHIN body
(normally existing yeast/ fungus/ bacteria)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

EXOGENOUS (sources of infection)

A

from source OUTSIDE of body
(influenza virus/ smoke/ asbestos)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

opportunistic infection

A

results from an impaired immune system
(AIDS/ HIV patients)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

neoplasia

A

“new growth”
-malignant or benign

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

study of malignant cancer

A

oncology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

6 unique characteristics of cancer

A
  1. anaplasia
  2. anchorage independent
  3. lack of contact inhibition
  4. immortality
  5. angiogenesis
  6. genetic instability
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

anaplasia

A

cells become undifferentiated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

anchorage independent

A

cells detach from bottom of culture flask

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

lack of contact inhibition

A

continue to grow & pile up on each other

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

immortality

A

reverse shortening of telomeres

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

angiogenesis

A

develop vascular network to bring O2 & nutrients for growth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

genetic instability

A

cells divide continuously, cause genetic damage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

benign

A

-limited growth
-good prognosis
-curable
-encapsulated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

malignant

A

-uncontrollable growth
-will eventually kill host
-less O2 needed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

malignant tumor

A

-cancerous
-no function other than to reproduce
-lack a capsule
-different than original cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

depression

A

-morbid sadness
-different from grief

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

bipolar disorder

A

-cyclical mood swings
-Tx: lithium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

seasonal affective disorder

A

“winter depression”
-related to less sunlight
-Tx: light therapy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD)

A

-emotional state of fear & apprehension
-recurring thoughts & compulsion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

panic disorder

A

emotional state of fear & apprehension

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

PTSD

A

-anxiety disorder
-develops after extremely traumatic event

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

anorexia

A

-abnormally low weight
-intense fear of gaining weight
-distorted perception of own body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

schizophrenia

A

-interpret reality differently
-hallucinations
-hearing voices
-delusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

anemias

A

reduction in quantity & quality of RBCs
-iron deficient = most common
-hemolytic anemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

hemophilia

A

-genetic disorder that impairs clotting
-mutation in gene

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

leukemia

A

-cancer
-dysfunctional WBCs
-spread via lymph nodes & bloodstream

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

lyme disease

A

-bulls eye rash
-tick bite
-neurological/ arthritic symptoms, mm weakness, paralysis
-Tx: antibiotics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

bacterial syphilis

A

-sexually transmitted through infected fluids, open wounds, trans placental
-primary, secondary, latent, tertiary
-tertiary = most severe stage
-Tx: antibiotics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

herpes virus

A

hides in dosal root ganglia
-lifetime

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

herpes simplex 1

A

“cold sores” / oral lesions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

herpes simplex 2

A

-genital lesions
-sexually transmitted
-no cure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

varicella zoster/ shingles

A

-after chicken pox, virus lays dormant in peripheral nervous system in dorsal root ganglia of spine
-torso, along sensory nerve dermatome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

HPV - genital warts

A

-over 40 types
-sexually transmitted
-skin lesions
-leads to cervical cancer
-no cure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

entervirus

A

-affects GI
-may affect respiratory & nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

poliomyelitis (polio)

A

once ingested travels to anterior horn of spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

influenza virus

A

“flu”
-infection of upper respiratory tract, can extend into lower

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

rhinovirus

A

“common cold”
-upper respiratory tract infection
-mucosa of nose & throat
-highly contagious
-ear, sinus, lung infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

fungal pneumonia (pneumyocystic carinii)

A

-occurs in immunocompromised
-OPPORTUNISTIC infection
-found in lungs of healthy people with no symptoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

yeast infection (candidiasis)

A

-normal in GI tract, mouth, genital areas & skin
-overgrowth of candida

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

streptococcus

A

-bacterial infection
-group A & B
-group A = most common

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

pharyngitis - strep throat

A

-caused by group A strep
-sore through in children & teens
-if untreated = glomerulonephritis, kidney inflammation, rheumatic fever

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

rheumatic fever

A

-untreated infection of group A streptococcal
-affects children between 5-15 yrs
-affects heart & valves, vegetations form on valves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

necrotizing fasciitis

A

-caused by group A strep
-flesh eating disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

streptococcus pneumoniae

A

-occurs in upper respiratory tract flora
-in susceptible people may cause pneumonia
-spreads by direct person to person contact, droplets

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

gonococcus (gonorrhea)

A

“the clap”
-sexually transmitted infection of urogenital tract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

bacterial meningococcal infections

A

inflammation of fluid & membranes of meninges

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

cornyebacterium diptheria

A

-affects mucous membranes, respiratory tract, ears, eyes, genital areas, skin
-grey, thick pseudomembranes forms over throat & tonsils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

yersinia pestis

A

“the plague”
-transmitted by fleas on rats
-50% mortality rate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

clostridium botulinum

A

-bacteria found to cause severe food poisoning with paralyzing effects
-caused by home canned foods low in acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

coliforms

A

-found in water, soil, vegetation, feces
-E-coli = virulent strain, causes gastroenteritis & urinary tract infections

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

coliforms - cholera

A

-causes watery diarrhea leading to severe dehydration
-rare in north america

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

tuberculosis

A

-contagious bacterial lung infection
-affects lungs, lymph nodes, other organs
-latent (inactive), active (contagious & symptomatic)
-causes necrosis
-“cheese-like”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

leprosy

A

-more common in children & mostly in africa/ asia
-takes 3-5 years for symptoms to show

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

chlamydia

A

-most common sexually transmitted bacterial infection (last decade increased 143% in canada)
-“silent STD”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

trichomoniasis

A

-sexually transmitted protozoal (parasite)
-co infected with gonorrhea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

TYPE I (hypersensitivity reaction)

A

-immediate release of histamine
-anaphylaxis
-anaphylactic or atopic reactions
EX: hay fever, allergic rhinitis, atopic dermatitis, bronchial asthma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

TYPE II (hypersensitivity reaction)

A

-cytotoxic antibody mediated reaction
EX: hemolytic anemia, goodpasture’s syndrome, graves disease, myasthenia gravis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

TYPE III (hypersensitivity reaction)

A

-immune complex mediated reaction
EX: lupus, poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis, polyarteritis nodosa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

TYPE IV (hypersensitivity reaction)

A

cell mediated or delayed type reaction
EX: contact dermatitis, transplant rejection, TB, fungi, syphilis, Crohn’s sarcoidosis, leprosy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

hay fever - TYPE I

A

-allergic rhinitis
-seasonal allergy, not normally pathological
-inhaled pollens trigger release of histamine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

anaphylactic shock - TYPE I

A

massive release of histamine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

goodpasture’s syndrome - TYPE II

A

-autoimmune disease affecting kidneys & lungs
-antibodies produced attack component of collagen
-affects alveoli of lungs & glomerulus of kidneys

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

hyperthyroidism - graves (TYPE II)

A

-autoimmune disease
-thyroid gland
-resultant goiter
-weight loss, fatigue, tachycardia, hair loss, protrusion of eyeballs (exophthalmos)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
74
Q

myasthenia gravis

A

impaired impulse transmission of motor neurons caused by antibodies that attack & destroy acetylcholine receptors at NMJ

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
75
Q

systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) - TYPE III

A

malfunctioning T cells activate B cells that secrete antibodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
76
Q

human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

A

-sexually transmitted, mother to child, sharing needles
-if left untreated develops into acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)

77
Q

acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)

A

-caused by HIV
-may be life threatening
-no cure

78
Q

amyloidosis

A

-amyloid builds up in organs
-interferes with normal function

79
Q

lymphangitis

A

infection & inflammation of lymphatic vessels

80
Q

edema

A

accumulation of fluid in interstitial spaces

81
Q

lymphedema

A

-abnormal chronic accumulation of fluid in interstitial space, dysfunction of lymphatic system
-swelling local/ systemic
-pitting & non-pitting

82
Q

lymphoma

A

-cancer of lymph nodes, spreads to other lymphatic tissues

83
Q

HODGKIN’S lymphoma

A

starts at one single lymph node (often in neck) then progresses to others close by & tissues like spleen, liver or bone marrow – two peak incidences:
20’s & 30’s & again in 60’s and 70’s – Reed-Sternberg (RS) cells

84
Q

NON-HODGKIN’S lymphoma

A

mostly from B Cells, more common, also more common in men than women, similar to Hodgkin’s but more widespread & metastasizes early, well advanced at diagnosis – no RS cells

85
Q

infection mononucleosis - epstein-barr virus

A

“kissing disease”
-can cause mono
-lifelong

86
Q

myalgic encephalomyelitis (ME) - chronic fatigue syndrome

A

extreme fatigue for longer than 6 months that can not be explained

87
Q

bullous impetigo

A

bacterial infection of skin, blisters, very contagious

88
Q

non-bullos impetigo

A

bacterial infection on skin, NO blisters

89
Q

ecthyma

A

deeper form of impetigo, can scar

90
Q

cellulitis

A

-inflammation of lower layers of skin
-swollen, red & warm to touch, margins NOT elevated
-cause: staph or strep
-Tx: antibiotics

91
Q

erysipelas

A

inflammation of upper layer (dermis) of skin

92
Q

folliculitis

A

infection causing inflammation of hair follicle forming a pustule

93
Q

hidradenitis suppurative

A

chronic inflammation of hair follicle

94
Q

fungal - tinia infections

A

group of infectious fungi invade epidermis & live off keratin

95
Q

pediculosis - lice

A

tiny insects live in skin with hair & feed off blood

96
Q

mites / scabies

A

tiny mites live in epidermis/ skin for 30 days

97
Q

viral molluscum contagiousum

A

viral infection of skin causing benign, round firm bumps or warts

98
Q

viral common warts

A

small, grainy skin growth often on fingers/ hands

99
Q

acne vulgaris

A

hair follicle accompanying sebaceous glands obstructed/ clogged with sebum & dead skin

100
Q

acne rosacea

A

-skin irritation with erythema
-facial redness, small pustules & telangiectasis (spider veins) over cheek

101
Q

pseudofolliculitis barbae (shaving rash/ razor bumps)

A

inflammation reaction of facial hair from just shaved hair growing backawards
-in beard/ neck regions

102
Q

alopecia

A

hair loss

103
Q

psoriasis

A

rash with itchy, scaly patches

104
Q

Stevens-Johnson syndrome

A

severe reaction to medications with flu like symptoms followed by rash

105
Q

primary irritant contact (contact dermatitis)

A

-inflammation of skin
-causes edema
-response to irritant (jewelry, soaps, detergents)

106
Q

atopic - eczema

A

chronic skin irritation, begins in early childhood

107
Q

allergic contact (dermatitis)

A

from exposure to an allergen

108
Q

nummular dermatitis

A

coin shaped rash, type of eczema

109
Q

skin cancer - malignant melanoma (ABCDE)

A

A: asymmetrical shape
B: borders irregular
C: changes in colour
D: diameter, larger than 6mm
E: evolving, changes over time

110
Q

cutaneous papilloma (skin tag/ acrochordon)

A

noncancerous skin tag or benign growth

111
Q

cancer - sebaceous gland neoplasm

A

cancer of sebaceous gland of skin (surrounding hair follicle)

112
Q

urticaria - hives

A

swollen, pale red, bumps, welts/ plaques, on skin, itchy, usually form in batches

113
Q

corns & calluses

A

corns: hard thickened area on feet

calluses: larger than corns

114
Q

bunion

A

bony bump that forms at base of MTP of big toe

115
Q

ichthyosis (vulgaris)

A

-genetic disorder
-dry, thickened scaly skin due to dead skin cells accumulating on skin’s surface

116
Q

vitiligo

A

skin loses pigment cells called melanocytes resulting in discoloured patches of skin, hair & mucous membranes

117
Q

open wounds, ulcers & sores

A

-break in skin barrier
-risk of infection

118
Q

scars

A

fibrous tissue replaces normal skin tissue after injury & after normal process of wound healing
KELOID: larger than original wound
HYPERTROPHIC: same size as original wound

119
Q

sinusitis (sinus infection)

A

-chronic (12 weeks) or acute (4 weeks)
-inflammation of mucosa of nasal sinuses
-upper respiratory tract infection

120
Q

laryngitis

A

-inflammation of larynx (voice box)
-symptoms from something else like cold, flu, pneumonia

121
Q

laryngeal cancer

A

malignant cells form in larynx

122
Q

pleurisy (pleuritis)

A

-inflammation of pleural membranes surrounding lungs
-burning/ stabbing pain during inspiration

123
Q

pneumothorax

A

-collapsed lung
-air leaks into space between lungs & chest wall

124
Q

pleural effusion

A

build up of excess fluid between layers of pleura lining the lungs

125
Q

pulmonary arterial hypertension

A

high BP that affects arteries in lungs

126
Q

pulmonary edema

A

excess fluid in lungs collecting in air sacs, making it difficult to breath due to lack of O2

127
Q

respiratory failure - TYPE 1 & 2

A

TYPE 1: hypoxemic, impaired at alveolar level
TYPE 2: hypercapnic, respiratory pump failure

128
Q

lung cancer

A

-cancerous growth in lungs
-tobacco smoke is cause of 80-90%

129
Q

chronic bronchitis (COPD)

A

-inflammation of bronchial mucosa causing swelling & hypersecretion of mucus
“blue bloater”

130
Q

emphysema (COPD)

A

-destruction of alveolar walls
“pink puffer”

131
Q

pneumoconiosis

A

-interstitial lung disease by irritating dust particle inhalation
-occupational

132
Q

bronchiectasis

A

irreversible dilation of bronchi

133
Q

bronchiolitis

A

-viral lung infection in children & infants, rare in adults
-causes inflammation & congestion in bronchioles

134
Q

cystic fibrosis (CF)

A

-genetic disorder, faulty transport of salt in & out of cells
-mucus, saliva & digestive juices
-thick & sticky mucous

135
Q

obstructive sleep apnea

A

temporary cessation of breathing (lasting 15 seconds)

136
Q

pulmonary edema

A

-excess amounts of fluid in lungs
-most common cause is congestive heart failure

137
Q

pulmonary embolism

A

-blood clot occludes pulmonary artery partially or completely
-90% of emboli originate as thrombi from leg veins called DVT

138
Q

acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)

A

life threatening condition of widespread inflammation in lungs causing fluid build-up & respiratory failure

139
Q

angina pectoris

A

-chest pain
-reduced blow flow to myocardium
-Tx: nitroglycerine

140
Q

myocardial ischemia

A

blood flow to heart is reduced causing myocardial tissue to be depleted of oxygen

141
Q

myocardial infarction (heart attack)

A

-death of myocardial tissue from interrupted blood supply
-tissue dies in 20 minutes & does not regenerate

142
Q

arrhythmias or dysrhythmias

A

damage to conduction system of heart from scar tissue

143
Q

congestive heart failure

A

inability of heart to pump blood to meet body’s demands
LEFT: blood backs up into lungs
RIGHT: blood backs up in body’s veins

144
Q

rheumatic heart disease

A

-occurs after rheumatic fever infection
-can manifest in all 3 layers of heart

145
Q

cardiomyopathy

A

-disease of heart mm
-may lead to heart failue

146
Q

cor pulmonale

A

-right ventricle of heart becomes enlarged & dysfunctional due to pulmonary artery hypertension
-causes right ventricular failure

147
Q

myocarditis

A

inflammation of heart mm / myocardium caused by infection of viruses/ parasites

148
Q

pericarditis

A

inflammation of pericardium surrounding heart

149
Q

mitral stenosis (bicuspid valve stenosis)

A

narrowing of bicuspid valve, causing abnormal opening & blocking of blood flow from left atrium to left ventricle

150
Q

aortic stenosis

A

narrowing of aortic valve, preventing valve from opening fully/ blocking blood flow into aorta & onward to rest of body

151
Q

cardiac arrest

A

heart stops, loss of consciousness, sudden collapse

152
Q

thrombosis

A

formation of blood clot in arterial wall

153
Q

embolism

A

embolus = any floating matter in bloodstream
-occludes/ blocks vessel

154
Q

arteriosclerosis - artherosclerosis

A

-“hardening” of smaller arteries
-most common from of arteriosclerosis = atherosclerosis, deposits made of plaque/ fats

155
Q

coronary artery disease

A

atherosclerosis in coronary arteries

156
Q

peripheral artery disease (PAD)

A

atherosclerosis of peripheral artery

157
Q

hypertension - high BP

A

normal = 120/80

over 140 = hypertension

158
Q

hypotension - low BP

A

below 90/60 = hypotension
-often asymptomatic, fainting, light-headedness, blurred vision
-can lead to shock

159
Q

aneurysm

A

blood vessel wall weakness that forms pouch outward, enlarging artery

160
Q

cerebrovascular accident - CVA / stroke

A

disruption of blood flow to brain, causing infarction of brain tissue within minutes

161
Q

orthostatic hypotension - postural hypotension

A

-low BP or sudden drop causing light headedness & loss of balance
-from sitting/ standing after laying down for long time

162
Q

Raynaud’s disease

A

-arterial vasospasm in superficial tissues of fingers & toes
-periodic & temporary

163
Q

thromboangiitis obliterans (TAO) or Buerger’s disease

A

-rare, inflammation of small to medium sized arteries in extremities
-mostly in men before age 35
-Tx: quit smoking

164
Q

phlebitis

A

inflammation of vein, causing poor circulation

165
Q

thrombophlebitis (DVT)

A

piece of thrombus may break off forming embolus which may occlude an artery
-commonly may lodge in pulmonary artery causing pulmonary embolism

166
Q

varicose veins

A

veins become dilated & twisted because of damaged walls & incompetent valves

167
Q

circulatory shock

A

-heart & vessels unable to pump enough blood & O2 to meet body’s demands
-lack of urine, loss of consiousness

168
Q

edema - cardiac

A

-left ventricle is overworked & unable to pump out enough blood
-holds excess amount of fluid (blood) which causes it to swell

169
Q

infective arteritis

A

-takyasu
-giant cell temporal
-polyarteritis nodosa

170
Q

decompression illness

A

-nitrogen dissolved in blood & tissue by high pressure forms bubbles as pressure decreases
-bubbles act as embolisms, blocking/ obstructing arteries

171
Q

decubitus ulcers - bed sores

A

-open wound where pressure from body weight presses skin against firm surface
-limited blood flow causes necrosis & death on skin tissue

172
Q

vasculitis

A

-autoimmune disease
-immune cells attack walls of blood vessels causing inflammation & narrowing

173
Q

diabetic microangiopathy

A

thickening & weakening of basement membrane in capillaries

174
Q

pancreatitis

A

most commonly caused by gallstones & alcohol abuse (80% of cases)

175
Q

pancreatic cancer

A

highest mortality rate of all cancers: 92% die within 5 years

176
Q

diabetes type 1

A

-pancreatic beta cells or islets of langerhans are damaged/ destoryed creating lack of insulin
-glucose cannot enter cell
-inject insulin

177
Q

type 2 diabetes

A

-90% of all cases
-cause unknown, obesity & sedentary lifestyle

178
Q

pancreatic insufficiency

A

inability to properly digest food due to lack of digestive enzymes made by pancreas

179
Q

Cushing’s syndrome

A

*TOO MUCH CORTISOL
-due to pituitary tumour
-excessive production of ACTH
-adrenal glands over produce cortisol

180
Q

giantism

A

-excess production & secretion of growth hormone (GH) from pituitary gland
-during childhood, mainly in long bones

181
Q

acromegaly

A

-overproduction & secretion of growth hormone (GH) by pituitary gland
-adult years, hands/ feet/ face

182
Q

hypopituitary disorders

A

decrease in production & secretion of pituitary hormones

183
Q

pituitary tumours

A

abnormal growth that develop in pituitary gland

184
Q

empty sella syndrome (ESS)

A

-enlargement/ malformation of sella turcica
-causes build up of cerebrospinal fluid that squishes pituitary gland (function not affected)

185
Q

Addison’s disease

A

adrenal gland does not produce enough cortisol “adrenal insufficiency”
-antibodies attack adrenal cortex killing cortisol producing cells

186
Q

Conn’s syndrome

A

tumour in adrenal cortex of adrenal glands causing overproduction of aldosterone

187
Q

hypothyroidism

A

-underactive thyroid gland leading to deficiency of thyroid hormone secretion (T3 & T4)
-develops slowly over months/ years
-autoimmune

188
Q

Hashimoto’s disease

A

-autoimmune disease, thyroid gland attacked causing inflammation & damage
-bouts of hypothyroidism & hyperthyroidism

189
Q

hyperparathyroidism

A

-overproduction of parathyroid hormone from parathyroid gland
-maintain levels of calcium in blood, causes imbalance of calcium metabolism
-elevated blood calcium levels, mm weakness, fatigue, hypertension

PATHOLOGY I (17 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions