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PATHOLOGY I > quiz #4 - cardiovascular > Flashcards

quiz #4 - cardiovascular Flashcards

1
Q

angina pectoris

A

chest pain caused by reduced blood supply to heart, can also be symptom of coronary artery disease (CAD)

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2
Q

stable angina

A

-most prevalent
-predictable pattern
-triggered by emotional stress, cold temperatures or physical exertion
-resolves with rest or nitroglycerin

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3
Q

unstable angina

A

-may signal imminent heart attack
-not in a predictable pattern
-not triggered by above
-prolonged pain at rest
-does not resolve with rest or nitroglycerin

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4
Q

variable angina

A

-coronary artery spasm narrows lumen
-reduces blood supply to heart muscle
-pain reduced by medication

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5
Q

myocardial ischemia

A

-blood flow to heart reduced causing mm myocardial tissue to be depleted of oxygen
-usually due to partial/ complete blockage of artery
-heart unable to pump blood may lead to abnormal heart rhythms/ myocardial infarction/ heart attack
*most common cause of angina

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6
Q

arrhythmias / dysrhythmias

A

dysfunction of heart’s conduction system creating abnormal heartbeat or rhythm

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7
Q

too fast - arrhythmias

A

over 100 = tachycardia

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8
Q

too slow - arrhythmias

A

under 50 = bradycardia

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9
Q

normal - arrhythmias

A

50-100 beats per minutes

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10
Q

what does an abnormal heart rate do?

A

reduces the heart’s efficiency and it’s pumping capability

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11
Q

arrhythmia

A

variation in normal rhythm

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12
Q

dysrhythmia

A

abnormal disturbed rhythm

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13
Q

pacemaker

A

small device placed in chest under skin to help control abnormal heart rhythms

uses electrical impulses to stimulate heart to beat at normal rate

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14
Q

congestive heart failure

A

inability of heart to pump blood to meet body’s demands

blood backs up & congests ventricles of the heart (60% of time it is on the LEFT side of heart) or lungs

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15
Q

left-sided heart failure (left ventricle can’t pump out to aorta): clinical features

A

congestion in lungs, pulmonary congestion & edema, shortness of breath, coughing (may produce foamy, frothy pink-tinged sputum), awaking in panic gasping for air, fatigue, exercise intolerance, cold intolerance, dizziness and tachycardia

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16
Q

right-sided heart failure (right ventricle can’t pump out to the lungs): clinical features

A

congestion in liver (liver enlarges-hepatomegaly), GI tract & lower extremities
-heart may enlarge-cardiomyopathy, venous congestion & distension in jugular vein, abdominal ascites
-spleen may enlarge-splenomegaly, may also progress to renal failure

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17
Q

rheumatic fever

A

-rare inflammatory condition, develops after untreated streptococcal throat infection (usually group A)
-may cause autoimmune reaction that can cause damage to heart, joints, CNS or skin -mostly in children 5-15 yrs & only in susceptible people

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18
Q

rheumatic heart disease

A

after rheumatic fever infection (strep throat), infection can manifest in all three layers of heart (endocarditis, myocarditis, pericarditis)
-endocarditis may lead to valve damage = vegetations

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19
Q

cardiomyopathy

A

disease of heart muscle that changes in myocardium, associated with inadequate heart pumping - ay lead to heart failure
-3 types: dilated, hypertrophic, restricted

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20
Q

dilated (cardiomyopathy)

A

dilated left ventricle, decreases heart’s contractility so blood is pumped less forcefully, predisposes to thrombi & emboli

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21
Q

hypertrophic (cardiomyopathy)

A

thickening of left ventricle, interferes with heart’s ability to expand & fill up before contraction

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22
Q

restricted (cardiomyopathy)

A

myocardium becomes rigid & less elastic, also interferes with heart’s ability to expand & fill up before contraction

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23
Q

cor pulmonale

A

right ventricle becomes enlarged & eventually dysfunctional due to pulmonary artery hypertension
-causes right ventricular failure, usually chronic

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24
Q

endocarditis (infective endocarditis)

A

infection & then inflammation of interior lining of heart (endocardium) from bacterial infection

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25
Q

myocarditis

A

-inflammation of heart mm/ myocardium caused by infection of viruses/ parasites, related to cardiomyopathy
-may affect myocardium & heart’s conduction system

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26
Q

pericarditis

A

-inflammation of pericardium surrounding heart
-causes a fluid build up in pericardial space which can compress heart
-pericardial layers may become adhesed, impairs function

27
Q

mitral stenosis
(bicuspid (mitral) valve stenosis)

A

narrowing of bicuspid valve, causing abnormal opening & blocking blood flow from left atrium to left ventricle

28
Q

aortic stenosis

A

narrowing of aortic valve, preventing valve from opening, fully reducing or blocking blood flow into aorta & onward to rest of body

29
Q

myocardial infarction - heart attack

A

heart attack, death of myocardial tissue from interrupted blood supply causing ischemia & hypoxia, tissue dies in 20 min &
does not regenerate, infarcted tissue

30
Q

what 3 things cause coronary artery blockages which disrupt the heart’s blood supply?

A
  1. thrombus buildup from atherosclerosis
  2. thromboemboli
  3. vasospasm (often from drugs)
31
Q

cardiac arrest

A

heart stops, stops all cardiac output, stops blood pumping through circulation depriving body tissues of oxygen & allowing waste products to build up

32
Q

cardiovascular pathologies - thrombosis

A

-formation of blood clot in arterial wall
-clot made of blood cells in a fibrin network

33
Q

three factors cause thrombosis: known as “Virchow’s Triad”

A
  1. endothelial cell injury
  2. blood stasis
  3. hypercoaguability of blood
34
Q

cardiovascular pathologies Embolism

A

embolus may be any floating matter in bloodstream, if it occludes/ blocks a vessel = embolism

may be venous or arterial depending on where embolus is flowing

35
Q

arteriosclerosis

A

“hardening” of smaller arteries, process of deposits on inside lining of arteries that causes walls of artery to thicken & lose elasticity

36
Q

atherosclerosis

A

type of arteriosclerosis, made of fatty plaques that form on inside of middle to large size arteries

37
Q

4 named localized forms of atherosclerosis

A

-coronary artery disease
-cerebrovascular disease
-atherosclerosis of the aorta (causing aortic aneurysm)
-peripheral artery disease

38
Q

coronary artery disease

A

-atherosclerosis in coronary arteries
-plaque deposits that forms fatty streak which narrows lumen & reduces blood flow to myocardium
-fatty streak made of lipids, cholesterol, other cells

39
Q

coronary bypass

A

surgeons use healthy vein from leg, an artery in chest or artery in wrist to bypass occluded vessel in heart

40
Q

peripheral arterial disease (PAD)

A

-atherosclerosis of peripheral artery causing narrowed lumen & reduced blood supply
-usually affects arteries of legs & feet

41
Q

hypertension (high blood pressure)

A

“silent killer”: asymptomatic until severe
-persistently high BP, very common
-normal BP is 120/80, if over 140 = hypertension

42
Q

primary hypertension

A

90 % of cases, not linked to underlying disease

43
Q

secondary hypertension

A

5-10 % of cases, results of coexisting disease (sleep apnea, kidney, thyroid, medications, drugs)

44
Q

malignant hypertension

A

severe, uncontrollable, rapidly progressing

45
Q

hypotension (low blood pressure)

A

low BP, usually asymptomatic, below 90/60 is = low

46
Q

aneurysm

A

blood vessel wall weakness forms pouch outward enlarging artery
-also creating thrombus formation & later embolus
*most common = abdominal aortic aneurysm

47
Q

2 types of aneurysm’s

A

TRUE: weakness & damage involves all 3 arterial layers

FALSE: tear in artery, blood collects just outside wall but remains in surrounding tissues

48
Q

thoracic aneurysm

A

may cause difficulty swallowing (dysphagia) or difficulty breathing (dyspnea)

49
Q

abdominal aneurysm

A

may result in abdominal or back pain with palpable pulsing mass in abdomen

50
Q

cerebral aneurysm

A

may cause headaches or a stroke

51
Q

cerebrovascular accident - CVA or stroke

A

disruption of blood flow into cerebrum or brain, causing infarction of brain tissue within minutes

20% of all CVA’s die within 2 days, other 80% have variable complications from mild to severe

52
Q

ischemic - cerebrovascular accident

A

80% of all, artery is occluded by a thrombus or embolus (atherosclerosis)
*common cause: atherosclerosis

53
Q

hemorrhagic - cerebrovascular accident

A

20% of all, artery ruptured & is bleeding directly into brain tissue, blood liquefies brain tissue on contact leaving behind mushy filled cavity of dead brain tissue
-involves larger area of brain & more severe
*common cause: hypertension/ cerebral aneurysm

54
Q

orthostatic hypotension or postural hypotension

A

form of low BP/ sudden drop in BP
-causing lightheadedness & loss of balance
-from sitting up/ standing up after laying down for long time, systolic BP drops by 20 & diastolic BP drops by 10

55
Q

acute - orthostatic hypotension or postural hypotension

A

slow reaction time for regulatory mechanisms that compensate in postural changes, common with elderly & causes falls

56
Q

chronic - orthostatic hypotension or postural hypotension

A

may be related to underlying disease like Diabetes, Parkinson’s or Addison’s Disease

57
Q

raynaud disease/ syndrome/ phenomenon

A

arterial vasospasms in superficial tissues of fingers & toes, (may also affect tip of nose, ears, parts of cheek& tongue)
-they are periodic & temporary

58
Q

thromboangiitis obliterans (TAO) or Buerger’s disease

A

rare pathology, inflammation of small to medium sized arteries in extremities, sometimes include nearby veins & nerves causing them to swell
-damages skin tissues

59
Q

cardiovascular pathologies - blood Vessel pathologies - venous (3 types)

A

-phlebitis
-thrombophlebitis (deep vein thrombosis, thromboembolic disease, venous thrombosis)
-varicose Veins

60
Q

phlebitis

A

inflammation of a vein, usually in extremities, but could be anywhere

61
Q

thrombophlebitis (DVT)

A

inflammation of vein with formation of a thrombus that restricts blood flow, can be in superficial or deep veins

62
Q

3 causes of DVT

A
  1. venous stasis
  2. vessel wall injury
  3. hypercaogulable blood
63
Q

varicose veins

A

-veins dilated & twisted because of damaged walls & incompetent valves
-usually irreversible, causes varicosities to form where blood flow is slow & turbulent
-affect superficial / deep veins
-spider veins = superficial varicose veins
-most often in lower extremities, may also form in esophagus & rectum

PATHOLOGY I (17 decks)

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