Quiz 4

Question 1

Semantic Development

Answer 1

Acquisition of (categorical concepts) words and their many meanings and the develpment of that knowledge into a complex hierarchal network of associated meanings.

Question 2

Referent

Answer 2

the actual thing that the word alludes

-the relationship between the object and word is symbolic and if often arbitrary

Question 3

folk entymologies

Answer 3

gossip (go sip some ale)

Question 4

How might children acquire categorical concepts

Answer 4

1) semantic features
2) Prototypical
3) probablistic
4) classical

Question 5

disadvantages of semantic feature hypothesis

Answer 5

• fails to discriminate between most relevant features
• the whoel object is more than the sum of its parts
• inadequate as an explanation of non-object concepts (more, all gone, up)

Question 6

semantic features:

Answer 6

children learn a set of distinguishing features for each categorical concept

Question 7

Prototypical:

Answer 7

child picks that most average example of the category (the one with the most common characteristics and compares the novel object to this common example

Question 8

probablistic

Answer 8

-membership is based on the degree to which it shares a proportion of “prototypical” features (comparing similarities)

Question 9

Classical

Answer 9

strict and unambiguous criteria for membership. Think of a shape

Question 10

Theories of categorical/conceptual development

Answer 10

given that words refer to categories or concepts- how do children come to understand this arbitrary relationship?

1) behavioral view
2) developmental view

Question 11

Behavioral view:

Answer 11

-associative learning-repeated pairings of words with objects
pros:
-may have been used for earliest and simplest word learning as children are sensitive to novelty in their environment
cons:
-slow and effortful and result in many errors

Question 12

developmental view

Answer 12

1) joitn attn-baldwin “toma” study
2) whole word assumption
3) mapping
3a: fast mapping 3b: principle of contrast 3c: principle of mutual exclusivity

Question 13

Principle of contrast:

Answer 13

no 2 words have exaclty the same meanign but are some how related (animal, dog, max all in vendiagram)

Question 14

Principle of mutual exclusivity

Answer 14

one label for one object (animal, dog, max 3 seperates circles)

Question 15

early words:

Answer 15

first 50 words tend ot be nouns rather than verbs
why? things that move, mom notices nouns more and report them, this also differs based on language spoken, verbs are more complex
-frequently over or under generalized(extension)

Question 16

early words under extension:

Answer 16

using words to refer to only a subset of possible referents (only toy trucks are trucks)

Question 17

What does over and under extension tell us?

Answer 17

1) Not all caregivers have clear cut boundaries
2) retrieval problems: child remembers the old term”dog” but cant recall new word moose
3) haven’t learned the word for that object yet
4) to comment on similarities (pointing to st bern. and calling it a cow may mean that the dog is like a cow)
5) as a humorous gesture
6) How child categorizes the world-some caution must be used

Question 18

Types of Invented words

Answer 18

1) simplicity
2) semantic transparency
3) productivity

Question 19

1)simplicity

Answer 19

unconventional but obvious-to pillow

Question 20

2)semantic transparency

Answer 20

apparent and easier to remember than the conventional word. bee house

Question 21

3)productivity

Answer 21

over generalize a form or rule e.g. cooker

Question 22

Comprehension vs production

Answer 22

comprehension: requires one hearing the word to anticipate or do something where as production requires the child to search out the correct word for the time and place and then speak it

Question 23

How is production/com assessed in young children?

Answer 23

1A) parental reports has pros and cons
1B) behavioral response-have child point of reach toward object. pros: large bank of words cons: some words difficult to depict in a 2d picture, infants and young kids often do not reliably point to the picture
1C) preferential looking paradigm-can be used in young kids to assess comprehension (have two pictures and say word and see where they look

Question 24

Adult influence on semantic development

Answer 24

adults vary their object labeling depending on their audience examples: money for nickel, dog for beagle
why?
by parents labeling objects according to the child’s own category they are showing how words are used

Question 25

Strategies for parents use for naming categories

Answer 25

1) basic level-ostension(labeling) that’s a tractor
2) superordinates-inclusion. a car, bus and train are all vehicles.
3) specific terms-explanation: a passenger is a person riding in the car, a dog is a passenger bc hes riding in the car

Question 26

role of adults cont. In additon to special vocabulary adults do the following

Answer 26

1) words are said slower and clearer
2) exaggerated intonation and clear pauses
3) words being taught or put at the end of sentences
4) saying the word in isolation

Question 27

adults also:

Answer 27

provide feedback about the child’s own language-effective in correcting child’s overextensions (nonverbal and verbal)

Question 28

learning vocab is crucial because

Answer 28

helps people express themselves with more flexibility and preciseness and helps with reading comprehension

Question 29

vocabulary breadth

Answer 29

number of words

Question 30

voacb depth

Answer 30

how well you know the meaning

Question 31

word families

Answer 31

intellect-intelligent, intellectual, intelligence

Question 32

semantic networks

Answer 32

a word and all of the words that are related to it through various hierarchies of meaning

Question 33

word associations

Answer 33

have shown how children’s vocabulary are becoming interconnected

Question 34

meta linguistic development

Answer 34

knowledge of language “thinking about language”

Question 35

word concept awareness

Answer 35

words separate from referent, can reflect on properties, can recognize words within words

Question 36

word sound awareness

Answer 36

boundaries between words

Question 37

word-meaning awareness

Answer 37

metaphors and irony

Question 38

word definitions

Answer 38

requires language to explain language, x is a y that z