Quiz 1 Flashcards
Biological bases for language:
- figures out what you are going to say
- Put thoughts into words
- Brains sends instructions
- Movement of speech mechanisms
- Listeners hearing mechanism activated
- Listeners brain analyzed and interprets neutral impulse
Communication: sending and receiving information
Communication: send/receive
Send-language: speech, written, pictures
Received-nonverbal: facial expression, hairstyle, dress, gestures, silence, intonation, body language, Art, music, dance
Speech vs language
- language: a socially shared code that uses conventional system of arbitrary symbols to represent ideas about the world that are meaningful to others who know the same code
- speech: an oral expression of language
4 systems used in speech:
- respiration(air in and out of lungs)
- Phonation-air coming up in the airway that passes over the vocal cords, vibrations (fffffff-voiceless, you don’t feel vibration that time) (air travel long over the vocal folds)
- Resonation- N M ING sounds (air travelling imo the oral and nasal cavities)
- Articulation-uses jaw, lips, tongue (the air is then manipulated by the oral articulations)
Roger Browns 3 distinct features
- Productivity: create statements using an arbitrary symbol system and these symbols can be recombined to create new utterances of statements(like word magnets on fridge) ABILITY TO CREATE NOVEL SENTENCES
- Displacement: statements/utterances are not temporally bound(can talk about past and future or something not even in the room) DOES NOT HAVE TO BE IN THE HERE/NOW
- Semanticity: the ability to represent objects, events, ideas, using a conventional symbol(a word) REPRESENT OBJ/IDEAS USING CONVENTIONAL ABSTRACT SYMBOLS
What is speech versus language?
- Speech is the motor production of sounds in a language.
- Language is agreed upon system to communicate thoughts.
Special nature of humans & Language
1) Vocal Tract
2) unique cognitive abilities and social settings in which to acquire language
1. Broca’s: speech output
2. Wernicke’s: comprehension
3. Arcuate Fasciculus: band of neural fibers connecting 2 to 1 (The I-15…it connects them
Lenneburg:
1) onset/order of speech is regular(follows a pattern)
2) speech is not suppressible (as long as they have a model, around someone else who uses that language)
3) language can not be taught to other species(birds bees and primates dont have everythign needed to really grasp and use speech and language)
4) all languages have certain universals/components
4 universals
a) phonology
b) Syntax
c) Semantics
d) Pragmatics
Components of Language:
Phonology, Syntax, Semantics, Pragmatics
Phonology
Rules of language governing the sound so used to make syllables and words
Syntax
rules of language governing the internal organization of sentences being able to change a sentence into a question
Semantics
rules governing meaning of individual words and word combinations. (the different depth and breadth of those words and the categorizing the meaning, word relationships)
Pragmatics
rules of language that governs how language is used appropriately as context varies
Phoneme
the smallest linguistic unit of sound that can signal a difference in meaning
Morphemes
smallest segment of speech that carries meaning
Grice’s 4 Principles
1) Quantity(details-i dont say I want exaclty 8 oz of orange juice placed on the left)
2) Quality-besides sarcasm but whats being said is real and accurate
3) Relevance-i like tuttles video does it apply
4) Manner-sequencing, wouldnt say I went to bed and took a bath, you would say it so it flowed
Pragmatics: Speech Acts
- Direct-stated as it is/indirect-sure is cold in here, hints, passive aggressive
- Literal-/nonliteral-sarcasm, exageration, metaphors, similes
Suprasegmental cues
mark syntactic divisions between phrases and clauses and emphasizes certain points
Types of sup clues:
Intonation: use of pitch your coming arent you? Your coming arent you!
Stress or emphasis: “He brought RED roses”ugh “I saw a man eating shark”
Rate of delivery: varies based on state of excitement, familiarity with content and perceived comprehension
Pausing or hesitations
Metalinguistic cues
use language to describe or talk about language.
Examples words are seperable from their refernt object. Uses metaphors and sarcasm
The fact that language cannot be taught to non-humans demonstrates that________.
Language is unique to our species
Human language can be said to have a biological base because
Humans have areas in the brain that are specialized for language
The smallest units of meaning in a language are called
Morphemes
In most right-handed individuals, specialized language areas of the brain are in
The left hemisphere
Damage to Broca’s area of the brain is most strongly associated with
Difficulty in producing fluent and grammatical language
An understanding of the syntactic system of a language
Allows speakers to generate an almost unlimited number of grammatically correct sentences
The rules for the use of language in social context is called
Pragmatics
The primary reason researchers decided to try to teach chimpanzees American Sign Language rather than a spoken language was that
Chimpanzees do not have the articulatory and physiological ability that spoken languages require
While studying for your upcoming Language Development test, you ask your friend to define the term speech. He tells you that it is the process of sharing information among individuals. Your friend gave you the definition for:
Communication
Roger Brown stated that all languages are characterized by productivity,
Semanticity and displacment
