Quiz 1

Question 1

Biological bases for language:

Answer 1

• figures out what you are going to say
• Put thoughts into words
• Brains sends instructions
• Movement of speech mechanisms
• Listeners hearing mechanism activated
• Listeners brain analyzed and interprets neutral impulse

Question 2

Communication: sending and receiving information

Answer 2

Communication: send/receive
Send-language: speech, written, pictures
Received-nonverbal: facial expression, hairstyle, dress, gestures, silence, intonation, body language, Art, music, dance

Question 3

Speech vs language

Answer 3

• language: a socially shared code that uses conventional system of arbitrary symbols to represent ideas about the world that are meaningful to others who know the same code
• speech: an oral expression of language

Question 4

4 systems used in speech:

Answer 4

• respiration(air in and out of lungs)
• Phonation-air coming up in the airway that passes over the vocal cords, vibrations (fffffff-voiceless, you don’t feel vibration that time) (air travel long over the vocal folds)
• Resonation- N M ING sounds (air travelling imo the oral and nasal cavities)
• Articulation-uses jaw, lips, tongue (the air is then manipulated by the oral articulations)

Question 5

Roger Browns 3 distinct features

Answer 5

• Productivity: create statements using an arbitrary symbol system and these symbols can be recombined to create new utterances of statements(like word magnets on fridge) ABILITY TO CREATE NOVEL SENTENCES
• Displacement: statements/utterances are not temporally bound(can talk about past and future or something not even in the room) DOES NOT HAVE TO BE IN THE HERE/NOW
• Semanticity: the ability to represent objects, events, ideas, using a conventional symbol(a word) REPRESENT OBJ/IDEAS USING CONVENTIONAL ABSTRACT SYMBOLS

Question 6

What is speech versus language?

Answer 6

• Speech is the motor production of sounds in a language.

- Language is agreed upon system to communicate thoughts.

Question 7

Special nature of humans & Language

Answer 7

1) Vocal Tract
2) unique cognitive abilities and social settings in which to acquire language
1. Broca’s: speech output
2. Wernicke’s: comprehension
3. Arcuate Fasciculus: band of neural fibers connecting 2 to 1 (The I-15…it connects them

Question 8

Lenneburg:

Answer 8

1) onset/order of speech is regular(follows a pattern)
2) speech is not suppressible (as long as they have a model, around someone else who uses that language)
3) language can not be taught to other species(birds bees and primates dont have everythign needed to really grasp and use speech and language)
4) all languages have certain universals/components

Question 9

4 universals

Answer 9

a) phonology
b) Syntax
c) Semantics
d) Pragmatics

Question 10

Components of Language:

Answer 10

Phonology, Syntax, Semantics, Pragmatics

Question 11

Phonology

Answer 11

Rules of language governing the sound so used to make syllables and words

Question 12

Syntax

Answer 12

rules of language governing the internal organization of sentences being able to change a sentence into a question

Question 13

Semantics

Answer 13

rules governing meaning of individual words and word combinations. (the different depth and breadth of those words and the categorizing the meaning, word relationships)

Question 14

Pragmatics

Answer 14

rules of language that governs how language is used appropriately as context varies

Question 15

Phoneme

Answer 15

the smallest linguistic unit of sound that can signal a difference in meaning

Question 16

Morphemes

Answer 16

smallest segment of speech that carries meaning

Question 17

Grice’s 4 Principles

Answer 17

1) Quantity(details-i dont say I want exaclty 8 oz of orange juice placed on the left)
2) Quality-besides sarcasm but whats being said is real and accurate
3) Relevance-i like tuttles video does it apply
4) Manner-sequencing, wouldnt say I went to bed and took a bath, you would say it so it flowed

Question 18

Pragmatics: Speech Acts

Answer 18

• Direct-stated as it is/indirect-sure is cold in here, hints, passive aggressive
• Literal-/nonliteral-sarcasm, exageration, metaphors, similes

Question 19

Suprasegmental cues

Answer 19

mark syntactic divisions between phrases and clauses and emphasizes certain points

Question 20

Types of sup clues:

Answer 20

Intonation: use of pitch your coming arent you? Your coming arent you!
Stress or emphasis: “He brought RED roses”ugh “I saw a man eating shark”
Rate of delivery: varies based on state of excitement, familiarity with content and perceived comprehension
Pausing or hesitations

Question 21

Metalinguistic cues

Answer 21

use language to describe or talk about language.

Examples words are seperable from their refernt object. Uses metaphors and sarcasm

Question 22

The fact that language cannot be taught to non-humans demonstrates that________.

Answer 22

Language is unique to our species

Question 23

Human language can be said to have a biological base because

Answer 23

Humans have areas in the brain that are specialized for language

Question 24

The smallest units of meaning in a language are called

Answer 24

Morphemes

Question 25

In most right-handed individuals, specialized language areas of the brain are in

Answer 25

The left hemisphere

Question 26

Damage to Broca’s area of the brain is most strongly associated with

Answer 26

Difficulty in producing fluent and grammatical language

Question 27

An understanding of the syntactic system of a language

Answer 27

Allows speakers to generate an almost unlimited number of grammatically correct sentences

Question 28

The rules for the use of language in social context is called

Answer 28

Pragmatics

Question 29

The primary reason researchers decided to try to teach chimpanzees American Sign Language rather than a spoken language was that

Answer 29

Chimpanzees do not have the articulatory and physiological ability that spoken languages require

Question 30

While studying for your upcoming Language Development test, you ask your friend to define the term speech. He tells you that it is the process of sharing information among individuals. Your friend gave you the definition for:

Answer 30

Communication

Question 31

Roger Brown stated that all languages are characterized by productivity,

Answer 31

Semanticity and displacment