Quiz 3 Flashcards
Phonology
Study of the sound system of language; the sounds the language uses, and the rules for their combination
IPA
International Phonetic Alphabet
Classifying consonants: Placement: Lips (bilabial)
If both of the lips are used to articulate a sound, then it is said to be a bilabial sound. Examples of bilabial sounds include: /p/,/b/, /w/, and /m/.
Classifying consonants: Placement: Labiodental
Teeth and lower lip come into contact. This place of articulation for the /f/ and/v/.
Classifying consonants: Placement: Teeth (Dental) (inter-dental or lingual dental)
The ‘th’ sounds of English are formed by forcing air through the teeth. The tongue tip and rims are articulating with the upper teeth.
Classifying consonants: Placement: Alveolar ridge (Alveolar)
An alveolar sound is when the tongue tip, or blade, touches the bony prominence behind the top teeth. The following sounds are alveolar:/t/,/d/,/s/,/z/,/l/,/n
Classifying consonants: Placement: Hard palate (Palatal)
This is the hard bit of the arched bony structure that forms the roof of the mouth. The /j / sound in yes is the clearest example of a palatal sound. – back of tongue rises upward. Others include: “sh”, “ch”, “j”, and /r/.
Classifying consonants: Placement: Soft palate (Velar)
The soft palate is in the back of the mouth. It is where the roof of the mouth gives way to the soft area behind it. They include the /k/ in cat, the /g/ in girl and the /ng/ in hang.
Classifying consonants: Placement: Throat (Glottal)
Glottal sounds are those sounds that are made in the larynx through the closure or narrowing of the glottis. /h / as in Helen is an example of a glottal sound. It is also used in whispering
Classifying consonants: Manner: Stop
build up and sudden release of air P B T D K G
Classifying consonants: Manner: Fricative
gradual release of air flow S F TH Z SH H V
Classifying consonants: Manner: Affricate
stop + fricative - ch or j
Classifying consonants: Manner: Nasals (Hypo and hyper)
sound exits through the nose- where typically exists through the mouth
Consonant clusters
2-3 consonants together (a cluster or group of consonants) is st in the word stop
digraphs
a combination of two letters resulting in one sound
vowels
1) vocal tract relatively unobstructed
2) first sounds experimented with
3) ALWAYS voiced
4) most difficult to differentiate
age by which 90% of kids use this speech sound accurately:
H,W,M,N,P,B
3-4 yrs
age by which 90% of kids use this speech sound accurately:
K,G,D,F,Y,T
4-5 yrs
age by which 90% of kids use this speech sound accurately:
“ing”, v, produce initial cluster sounds
6 yrs
age by which 90% of kids use this speech sound accurately:
r,l,z,s,ch,sh,j
7-8 yrs
age by which 90% of kids use this speech sound accurately: voiced th and voiceless th
8-8.5 yrs
Phonotactic Constraints
restrictions on what is permissible sound sequences in a language
What phontactic constraints help us with?
- where the syllable boundary occurs
- defining non words: accidental gaps (/stremp/) and illegal syllables (/renp/)
Stages of Pre Linguistic period: Stage 1
(birth-2 months) Reflexive vocalizations-why
Stages of Pre Linguistic period: Stage 2
(2-4 mos) cooing and laughing
Stages of Pre Linguistic period: Stage 3
(4-6 mos) vocal play-infants who are deaf
Stages of Pre Linguistic period: Stage 4
(6 mos +) canonical babbling 2 types
Stages of Pre Linguistic period: Stage 5
(10 mos +)- jargon
Behaviorist view of phonological development
blank slate- through external reinforcement/praise-children come to produce correct sounds. most frequently heard sounds will be those produced first
linguist view of phonological development
all there at the start- chronological order of production that is not altered. earliest productions will be of those sounds that are the most common across different
Cognitive approach to the acquisition to phonology
regression:
progressive phonological idioms
cognitive view
somewhere in between, child is seen as active problem solver-both external and internal forms of reinforcement. self organizing- goals to learn various phonological rules
looks at more than the acquisition of phonemes
looks at the rules children use for combing sounds
takes into account the irregularity children show in learning to produce sounds/words
developmental patterns of incorrect production
- final consonant deletion(should be gone by 3)
- cluster reduction (should be gone by age 5)
- assimilation (buddy to hubby-should be gone by age 3)
- syllable reduction (banana to nana)
- by age 3 should be 80% understood by someone not their parent and by age 4-5 should be 100 % should be understood
