quiz 3 (after midterm) Flashcards
weather change in socal during El Niño
wet weather
:this occurs when trade winds slaken and even reverse direction
:cold water moves to western pacific (drought)
and hot water moves to Eastern pacific (rain)
El Niño
weather change in South America during El Niño
:wet weather/flooding
:fishing industry collapses
weather change in asia during El Niño
droughts
weather change in eastern seaboard during El Niño
milder weather: cool summer/ warm winter
weather change in Africa during El Niño
severe drought
weather change in australia during El Niño
drought
system of buoys that stretches across the pacific basin and extend to about 20 degrees north and south latitude
Tao Array
:occurs with worse normal conditions
:increasing speed of upwelling
:trade winds strengthen
La Niña
rotates clockwise
contributes to Gulf Stream
North Atlantic Gyre
friction between water molecules causes the energy in the water to curve and the water is transferred on average 90 degrees to the right of the wind direction
Ekman Transport
water direction at a low depth versus surface
at low depth, water is pushed into opposite direction
at surface its pushed at 90 degree angle
what are the 6 gyres
north and south atlantic gyre
North and South Pacific gyre
indian gyre
west wind drift
define western boundary and give an example
Gulf Stream, kuroshio current \:narrow \:deep \:swift \:large transport \:warm \:clockwise rotation
define eastern boundary current and give an example
\:California Current, Canary Current \:broad \:shallow \:slow \:small transport \:cold \:counterclockwise rotation
current gain in speed and strength as they move west due to the coriolis effect
Westward intensification
:wind from south
:water moving onshore due to eckman transport
downwelling
developed Langmuir Circulation
irving langmuir
as wind blows across ocean, convergences and divergences come together forming lines of foam
langmuir circulation
convergences where debris and foam accumulate
lines of foam (windrows)
:driven by temp and salinity values of waters
:currents below pycnocline
:transfers heat thru out globe
thermohaline circulation
depth of surface water
down to 660ft
depth of central water
660ft to bottom of thermocline
intermediate water depth
thermocline to 5000ft
deep water depth
5000-13000ft
bottom water depth
13000ft to sea floor
occurs when 2 water masses of equal density combine to create a third water mass with a higher density
caballing
ways to examine ocean currents
drogue sofar float trash/ rubber ducks ekman flow meter slocum glider
what makes waves
wind
earthquakes
landslides
gravity/ earth’s rotation
how fast the wind is blowing
measured in knots
wind speed
nautical miles per hr
knots
:how far the wind stays in contact with water
:measured in nautical miles
fetch
:how long the wind blows for
:measured in hours
duration
depth that wave energy extends to is about….
half the wavelength
a wavelength measures ….. to …..
crest to crest
how many waves pass a fixed point in a unit of time
frequency
how long it takes an entire wave to pass a fixed point
period
:water moving forward
:not perfect orbital –> it ends up slightly forward
stokes drift
waves are as large as possible for given conditions
fully developed sea
depth greater than 1/2 the wavelength
deep water waves (wind waves)
depth less than L/2 but greater than L/20
transitional water waves
depth less than L/20
shallow water wave (tsunami)
how fast the energy moves
wave speed
when measuring deep water waves, …. and ….. are needed to know
wavelength and period
C= L/T
when measuring shallow water waves, … are needed to know
depth
wavelength and speed relations
the greater the wavelength –> the greater the speed
waves that have traveled out of the area where they were created
swell
waves are largest at bottom near antarctic due to…
infinite fetch –> no land mass in the way
a wave train moves at half the speed of individual waves
group velocity
waves greater than the height of other waves in the area
rogue waves
bending of waves
wave refraction
large waves forming many smaller waves
wave diffraction
no vertical movement at node and no lateral progression of wave
standing wave (seiche)
where waters with 2 different densities meet
occur near pycnocline
internal waves
first scientifically studied earthquake and tsunami
Lisbon, Portugal 1755
