midterm Flashcards
are secondary waves
S waves
:is known as the father of modern oceanography
:was killed by the hawaiians
james cook
a piece of land that was formed somewhere else
exotic terrain
average depth of ocean
12500 ft
last supercontinent that existed about 200 million yrs ago
pangea
as current velocity increases, sedimentation rate
decreases
a piece of rock from space
tektite
graded beds (in which the sediments go from big at the bottom to fine at the top) are associated with
turbidity currents
CCD
Carbonate Compensation Depth
which of the following organisms makes its skeleton out of silica (glass)
diatoms and radiolarians
which of the following for thick deposits near the poles cuhs they like cooler waters
diatoms
list the hydrogenous sediments
evaporites
manganese nodules
oolites
tiny animals that disrupt the layers of sediment, making core samples to need preservatives
meiofauna
where is the oldest ocean crust
western Pacific Ocean
how many years old is the earth
4.6 billion
light is re-directed in another direction
scattering
:first professor of oceanography
:captain of the fram
Fridtjof Nansen
what color is your blood 60 ft below the sea surface
blue
used a compass for navigation
chinese
the sun produces light mainly in the …part of the electromagnetic spectrum
visible
the bending of energy waves as they enter another material at an angle
refraction
oxygen first started building up in earth’s atmosphere about …years ago
2.5 billion
there are approximately … major plates that make up earth’s crust
12
some of the water on earth originally came from
comets
volcanic activity
measures the tiny differences in ocean surface elevation due to sea floor features such as mountains
satellite altimetry
when volcanoes erupt, ash that goes into the ocean is considered
terrigenous sediment
tell us:
1) how thick layers of sediment are on the sea floor
2) what the depth of the water is
3) what the topography (shape) of the sea floor is
4) what a 3D map of the sea floor looks like
sound waves
sound travels thru seawater about …..times faster than in air
5x faster
the shape of the seafloor along the oregon coastline has been influenced by
:a subduction zone
:a large river
the first comprehensive map of the sea floor was published in …. by…..
in 1977
by Marie Tharp and Bruce Heezen
our modern system of latitude and longitude was developed by
Hipparchus
the shelf break occurs at about
140 meters
air cooling or heating with a change in elevation
adiabatic temp change
a zone of strong winds where 2 circulation cells meet
the jet stream
the most effective means of moving heat from one place to another is
convection
what affects residence time of elements and compounds in seawater
1) chemical activity of the atom
2) precipitation of minerals
3) biological activity
4) plate tectonics
the Saffir Simpson Hurricane scale ranks hurricanes by
wind speed
measured by how many atoms or molecules are vibrating and how fast they are vibrating
heat
forchhammer’s principles is also known as the principle of
constant proportions
who confirmed forchhammer’s principle
william ditmar
what usually does the most damage along coastlines during a hurricane
storm surge
what did antoine-laurent lavoisier discover in 1783
water
the scientist who described fronts was
vilhelm bjerknes
conservative elements in seawater
sodium
chlorine
ITCZ
Inter Tropical Convergence Zone
why are there seasons on earth
the tilt of earth axis
how do we name winds-what are they named for
for where they blow from
the average hurricane uses as much energy in one day as the U.S. does in
6 months
in order for a hurricane to form, ocean surface waters must be atleast … degrees
80 degrees F
equinox dates
3/20
9/22 & 23
solstice dates
6/21 & 22
12/21 & 22
occurs when one hemisphere gets more sunlight than the other
solstice
the SOFAR layer is the
sound minimum zone
the coriolis effect is caused by
earth’s rotation
the doldrums are a belt of winds wrapping around the earth at
0 degrees latitude (equator)
in a hurricane the strongest winds are in the
eye wall
how did the solar system form
nebular hypothesis
:a large star died and debris of the star eventually became the solar system
how did the moon form
a large mass (mars sized) struck the earth causing masses to escape and form the moon
what do Wilson Cycles describe
formation and destruction of ocean basins
two examples of hot spots
ice land
hawaii
six stages of wilson cycle and examples
1) Embryonic –> East African Rift Valley
2) Juvenile –> Red Sea
3) Mature –> Atlantic
4) Declining –> Pacific
5) Terminal –> Mediterranean Sea
6) Suturing –> Himalayas
what are terrigenous sediments made from
materials that originate on land: silt, sand
what are biogenous sediments made of
materials from living things: plants, animals
what are hydrogenous sediments made of
material precipitated from water: evaporites
what are cosmogenous sediments made of
materials of space debris: tektites
what is definition of heat capacity
the amount of heat needed to raise 1g by 1 degree celsius
to go from ice to melted water at 0 degrees add …..
80 calories
to go from 0 degree water to 100 degree water add
100 calories
to go from 100 degree water to vapor, add…
540 calories
how do submarine canyons form
1) when sea level lowers, rivers run farther out
when sea level rises, canyons flood
2) underwater landslides and turbidites
