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midterm Flashcards

0
Q

are secondary waves

A

S waves

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1
Q

:is known as the father of modern oceanography

:was killed by the hawaiians

A

james cook

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2
Q

a piece of land that was formed somewhere else

A

exotic terrain

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3
Q

average depth of ocean

A

12500 ft

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4
Q

last supercontinent that existed about 200 million yrs ago

A

pangea

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5
Q

as current velocity increases, sedimentation rate

A

decreases

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6
Q

a piece of rock from space

A

tektite

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7
Q

graded beds (in which the sediments go from big at the bottom to fine at the top) are associated with

A

turbidity currents

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8
Q

CCD

A

Carbonate Compensation Depth

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9
Q

which of the following organisms makes its skeleton out of silica (glass)

A

diatoms and radiolarians

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10
Q

which of the following for thick deposits near the poles cuhs they like cooler waters

A

diatoms

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11
Q

list the hydrogenous sediments

A

evaporites
manganese nodules
oolites

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12
Q

tiny animals that disrupt the layers of sediment, making core samples to need preservatives

A

meiofauna

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13
Q

where is the oldest ocean crust

A

western Pacific Ocean

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14
Q

how many years old is the earth

A

4.6 billion

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15
Q

light is re-directed in another direction

A

scattering

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16
Q

:first professor of oceanography

:captain of the fram

A

Fridtjof Nansen

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17
Q

what color is your blood 60 ft below the sea surface

A

blue

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18
Q

used a compass for navigation

A

chinese

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19
Q

the sun produces light mainly in the …part of the electromagnetic spectrum

A

visible

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20
Q

the bending of energy waves as they enter another material at an angle

A

refraction

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21
Q

oxygen first started building up in earth’s atmosphere about …years ago

A

2.5 billion

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22
Q

there are approximately … major plates that make up earth’s crust

A

12

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23
Q

some of the water on earth originally came from

A

comets

volcanic activity

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24
measures the tiny differences in ocean surface elevation due to sea floor features such as mountains
satellite altimetry
25
when volcanoes erupt, ash that goes into the ocean is considered
terrigenous sediment
26
tell us: 1) how thick layers of sediment are on the sea floor 2) what the depth of the water is 3) what the topography (shape) of the sea floor is 4) what a 3D map of the sea floor looks like
sound waves
27
sound travels thru seawater about .....times faster than in air
5x faster
28
the shape of the seafloor along the oregon coastline has been influenced by
:a subduction zone | :a large river
29
the first comprehensive map of the sea floor was published in .... by.....
in 1977 | by Marie Tharp and Bruce Heezen
30
our modern system of latitude and longitude was developed by
Hipparchus
31
the shelf break occurs at about
140 meters
32
air cooling or heating with a change in elevation
adiabatic temp change
33
a zone of strong winds where 2 circulation cells meet
the jet stream
34
the most effective means of moving heat from one place to another is
convection
35
what affects residence time of elements and compounds in seawater
1) chemical activity of the atom 2) precipitation of minerals 3) biological activity 4) plate tectonics
36
the Saffir Simpson Hurricane scale ranks hurricanes by
wind speed
37
measured by how many atoms or molecules are vibrating and how fast they are vibrating
heat
38
forchhammer's principles is also known as the principle of
constant proportions
39
who confirmed forchhammer's principle
william ditmar
40
what usually does the most damage along coastlines during a hurricane
storm surge
41
what did antoine-laurent lavoisier discover in 1783
water
42
the scientist who described fronts was
vilhelm bjerknes
43
conservative elements in seawater
sodium | chlorine
44
ITCZ
Inter Tropical Convergence Zone
45
why are there seasons on earth
the tilt of earth axis
46
how do we name winds-what are they named for
for where they blow from
47
the average hurricane uses as much energy in one day as the U.S. does in
6 months
48
in order for a hurricane to form, ocean surface waters must be atleast ... degrees
80 degrees F
49
equinox dates
3/20 | 9/22 & 23
50
solstice dates
6/21 & 22 | 12/21 & 22
51
occurs when one hemisphere gets more sunlight than the other
solstice
52
the SOFAR layer is the
sound minimum zone
53
the coriolis effect is caused by
earth's rotation
54
the doldrums are a belt of winds wrapping around the earth at
0 degrees latitude (equator)
55
in a hurricane the strongest winds are in the
eye wall
56
how did the solar system form
nebular hypothesis | :a large star died and debris of the star eventually became the solar system
57
how did the moon form
a large mass (mars sized) struck the earth causing masses to escape and form the moon
58
what do Wilson Cycles describe
formation and destruction of ocean basins
59
two examples of hot spots
ice land | hawaii
60
six stages of wilson cycle and examples
1) Embryonic --> East African Rift Valley 2) Juvenile --> Red Sea 3) Mature --> Atlantic 4) Declining --> Pacific 5) Terminal --> Mediterranean Sea 6) Suturing --> Himalayas
61
what are terrigenous sediments made from
materials that originate on land: silt, sand
62
what are biogenous sediments made of
materials from living things: plants, animals
63
what are hydrogenous sediments made of
material precipitated from water: evaporites
64
what are cosmogenous sediments made of
materials of space debris: tektites
65
what is definition of heat capacity
the amount of heat needed to raise 1g by 1 degree celsius
66
to go from ice to melted water at 0 degrees add .....
80 calories
67
to go from 0 degree water to 100 degree water add
100 calories
68
to go from 100 degree water to vapor, add...
540 calories
69
how do submarine canyons form
1) when sea level lowers, rivers run farther out when sea level rises, canyons flood 2) underwater landslides and turbidites

oceanography (9 decks)

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