Quiz 3 Flashcards
change in temp and salinity in water
controlled by thermocline and halocline
pycnocline –> strong slope
Means strong slope
Pycnocline
describes how temp of water changes
thermocline
describes change in salinity
halocline
average ocean temp
39 degrees F
any body of water with specific temp, salinity and density characteristics
water mass
below about ….. water is all about the same in relation to……
below about 2000m water is all about the same in relation to TEMP and SALINITY
occurs when energy leaves one material and enters another at an angle
:looking into fish tank
refraction
only color in ocean that lasts
blue
:zone where theres enough light to see colors
: 100-600m in clear water
: 40m coastal waters (sediment cloudy and stirred)
photic zone
below photic zone
zone where theres not enough light to see
aphotic zone
energy is sent off into different direction
scattering
energy goes back the same way it came
reflecting
energy goes into object
absorption
speed of sound is 5x faster in ……..than ……
speed of sound is 5x faster in WATER than AIR
speed of sound in water
1500m/sec
the higher sound velocity of the higher part of the ocean is due to
a higher salinity of the water
minimum sound velocity
sofar layer
sound made in layer stays in layer cuhs its pulled back thru refraction
sound minimum zone (sofar layer)
SOFAR
sound fixing and ranging
sound curves away from zone
max sound velocity layer
water cycle
- Evaporation
- Condensation
- Precipitation
- Ground water
- Run off
- Transportation
- Respiration
first to study water
“discovered” water in 1783
Antoine- Laurent Lavolsier
sea water is made of (elements)
hydrogen
oxygen
sodium
chlorine
gases in water
carbon dioxide
nitrogen
oxygen
***cold water holds more gas
where does salt in seawater come from
- crustal rocks
- excess volatiles- volcanoes
- hydrothermal vents on mid ocean ridges
- mineral formation
- biological effects
biological effects –> salt in sea water
- formation of skeletons and shells
2. dissolution of dead organisms
suggested that all world’s oceans should have same chemistry
:principle of constant proportions
Forchammer’s Principle
confirmed Forchammer’s principle
William Dittmar
how we measure salinity
- chemically
- electronic salinometer
- optical salinometer
- TDS meter (total dissolved solids)
- Evaporation
developed idea of residence time
:a steady state ocean
T. F. W. Barth
idea of residence time
a steady state ocean
sea water residence time
4100 yrs
what affects residence time
- chemical activity of the atom
- precipitation of minerals
- biological activity
- plate tectonics
elements that have a long residence time
:less active
conservative elements
elements that have a short residence time
:more active
nonconservative elements
what is neither conservative nor nonconservative
water
nonconservative elements
magnesium
iron
aluminum
conservative elements
sodium
chlorine
how fast are the oceans mixed
about 1600yr
as depth increase oxygen ….. and carbon dioxide ….
O2 –> decreases
CO2 –> increases
causes more O2 at a higher depth
more plants –> photosynthesis
causes more CO2 at lower depth
animals
sea water is acidic or basic
basic
balances pH of oceans so it remains constant
Bicarb ion: HCO3-
pH of upper surface of sea
more basic –> due to photosynthesis
change in temp with elevation
adiabatic temp change
caused by Earth’s tilt on axis
seasons
:occur with north pole and South Pole having light
:sun is vertical at equator
equinox
dates of equinox
3/20
9/22 & 23
sun is vertical at 23 1/2 degrees north or south latitude
solstice
solstice dates
6/21 & 22
12/21 & 22
molecule to molecule transfer of energy (heat)
conduction
energy moves as waves
radiation
mass movement of hot material from one location to another
convection
***most efficient means of heat (energy) transport
convection
:difference in velocity of one place and another
: as air comes into equatorial regions, atmosphere warms and rises forcing air north and south to curve
coriolis effect
wind is named for the direction it blows….
from
ITCZ
intertropical convergence zone
:where southeast trades meet northeast trades
:near equator
ITCZ
:developed idea of fronts
Vilhelm Bjerknes
cold front causes
thunderstorms
warm front causes
precipitation
name of scale for hurricanes
Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale
how do hurricanes destroy
wind
rain
storm surge
tornadoes
how hurricanes are named in atlantic
hurricanes
how hurricanes are named in pacific
typhoons
how hurricanes are named in indian
tropical cyclones
how hurricanes are named in australia
willy willys
