1. Evaporation 2. Condensation 3. Precipitation 4. Ground water 5. Run off 6. Transportation 7. Respiration

Quiz 3 Flashcards by stephanie abandy

change in temp and salinity in water

controlled by thermocline and halocline

pycnocline –> strong slope

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Means strong slope

Pycnocline

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describes how temp of water changes

thermocline

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describes change in salinity

halocline

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average ocean temp

39 degrees F

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any body of water with specific temp, salinity and density characteristics

water mass

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below about ….. water is all about the same in relation to……

below about 2000m water is all about the same in relation to TEMP and SALINITY

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occurs when energy leaves one material and enters another at an angle
:looking into fish tank

refraction

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only color in ocean that lasts

blue

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:zone where theres enough light to see colors
: 100-600m in clear water
: 40m coastal waters (sediment cloudy and stirred)

photic zone

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below photic zone

zone where theres not enough light to see

aphotic zone

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energy is sent off into different direction

scattering

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energy goes back the same way it came

reflecting

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energy goes into object

absorption

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speed of sound is 5x faster in ……..than ……

speed of sound is 5x faster in WATER than AIR

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speed of sound in water

1500m/sec

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the higher sound velocity of the higher part of the ocean is due to

a higher salinity of the water

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minimum sound velocity

sofar layer

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sound made in layer stays in layer cuhs its pulled back thru refraction

sound minimum zone (sofar layer)

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SOFAR

sound fixing and ranging

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sound curves away from zone

max sound velocity layer

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water cycle

Evaporation
Condensation
Precipitation
Ground water
Run off
Transportation
Respiration

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first to study water

“discovered” water in 1783

Antoine- Laurent Lavolsier

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sea water is made of (elements)

hydrogen
oxygen
sodium
chlorine

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gases in water

carbon dioxide nitrogen oxygen ***cold water holds more gas

where does salt in seawater come from

1. crustal rocks 2. excess volatiles- volcanoes 3. hydrothermal vents on mid ocean ridges 4. mineral formation 5. biological effects

biological effects --> salt in sea water

1. formation of skeletons and shells | 2. dissolution of dead organisms

suggested that all world's oceans should have same chemistry | :principle of constant proportions

Forchammer's Principle

confirmed Forchammer's principle

William Dittmar

how we measure salinity

1. chemically 2. electronic salinometer 3. optical salinometer 4. TDS meter (total dissolved solids) 5. Evaporation

developed idea of residence time | :a steady state ocean

T. F. W. Barth

idea of residence time

a steady state ocean

sea water residence time

4100 yrs

what affects residence time

1. chemical activity of the atom 2. precipitation of minerals 3. biological activity 4. plate tectonics

elements that have a long residence time | :less active

conservative elements

elements that have a short residence time | :more active

nonconservative elements

what is neither conservative nor nonconservative

water

nonconservative elements

magnesium iron aluminum

conservative elements

sodium | chlorine

how fast are the oceans mixed

about 1600yr

as depth increase oxygen ..... and carbon dioxide ....

O2 --> decreases | CO2 --> increases

causes more O2 at a higher depth

more plants --> photosynthesis

causes more CO2 at lower depth

animals

sea water is acidic or basic

basic

balances pH of oceans so it remains constant

Bicarb ion: HCO3-

pH of upper surface of sea

more basic --> due to photosynthesis

change in temp with elevation

adiabatic temp change

caused by Earth's tilt on axis

seasons

:occur with north pole and South Pole having light | :sun is vertical at equator

equinox

dates of equinox

3/20 | 9/22 & 23

sun is vertical at 23 1/2 degrees north or south latitude

solstice

solstice dates

6/21 & 22 | 12/21 & 22

molecule to molecule transfer of energy (heat)

conduction

energy moves as waves

radiation

mass movement of hot material from one location to another

convection

***most efficient means of heat (energy) transport

convection

:difference in velocity of one place and another | : as air comes into equatorial regions, atmosphere warms and rises forcing air north and south to curve

coriolis effect

wind is named for the direction it blows....

from

ITCZ

intertropical convergence zone

:where southeast trades meet northeast trades | :near equator

ITCZ

:developed idea of fronts

Vilhelm Bjerknes

cold front causes

thunderstorms

warm front causes

precipitation

name of scale for hurricanes

Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale

how do hurricanes destroy

wind rain storm surge tornadoes

how hurricanes are named in atlantic

hurricanes

how hurricanes are named in pacific

typhoons

how hurricanes are named in indian

tropical cyclones

how hurricanes are named in australia

willy willys