last info Flashcards by stephanie abandy

:filter feeders
:colar cells have a flagellum that moves water
:have spicules

Porifera

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3 present day fauna represented in Ediacaran fauna

Jellyfish and Sea Pens
Segmented worms
Primitive members of phylum Arthropoda

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sponges

Porifera

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:have stinging cells
:once tentacles are touch, a sac filled with poison releases harpoons
:solitary or colonial

Cnidaria

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jellyfish and corals

Cnidaria

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:soft body
:scavengers
:parsitic
:predatory

worms

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:have muscular foot

:clam, squid, chambered nautilus, octopus

Mollusca

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clams

pelecypods

:bivalves

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snails

gastropods

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squid, octopus, chambered nautilus

cephalopods

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:5 fold symmetry
:spiny skin
:water vascular system allows them to move

Echinoderms

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starfish and sea urchins

Echinoderms

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:grow by molting

:crabs, lobsters, shrimp

arthropods

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:filter feeders

:body plan that show ancestry of many animals

tunicates

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:earliest ancestor of vertebrates

:dorsal nerve cord

Amphioxus

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Benthic zones

Supralittoral
Littoral
Sublittoral
Bathyal
Abyssa
Hadal

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zones by depth

Epipelagic
Mesopelagic
Bathypelagic
Abyssopelagic

2 ways submarine canyons form

turbidites
- -> underwater landslides
rise in sea level
- ->rivers running across continental shelf at times of lower sea level which are flooded as sea level rises

submergent coastlines features

\:barrier islands
\:bay mouth bar
\:lagoons
\:tombolos
\:estuaries
\:long gently sloping beaches

emergent coastlines features

***southern california
\:cliffs
\:sea stacks
\:sea caves
\:headlands
\:blow holes
\:narrow steep beaches

:swimmers

:can swim against a 1 knot current

Nekton

live in neritic zone

plankton

nekton

:dont drink water
:water gained by osmosis
:salt absorbed by gills
:large volume of urine

fresh water fish

:drink water
:water lost by osmosis
:salt excreted by gills
:small volume of urine

salt water fish

:live on surface of sea floor | :starfish

epifaunal

:live in sea floor | :worms

Infaunal

vagrant

mobile

attached to sea floor

sessile

marine resources

1. physical resources 2. marine energy 3. biological resources 4. nonextractive resources

area of major fish production occurs

:coastal waters | :areas of upwelling

more fish located in

area over continental shelves --> nutrient rich

max amount of species that can be harvested w/o affecting future yields

max sustainable yeild

fish stocks over harvested

over fished

depletion of a species to the point it is no longer profitable to harvest

commercial extinction

animals unintentionally killed when other species are being harvested

by catch

mariculture (fish farming) is economically viable if

:marketable :inexpensive to grow :at marketable size w/in 1-2yrs

international agreement that governs the use of the world ocean

law of the sea

EEZ

exclusive economic zone

3 main types of input pollution

:direct discharge --> dumping :surface run off :atmospheric pollution

oceanic pollution examples

:deep sea mining :acidification :plastic debris :noise pollution

:increase in chemical nutrients in an ecosystem | :rivers that empty into oceans

Eutrophication

caused the pacific garbage patch

Eckman transport