Quiz 2 Flashcards
2
Q
Bruit
A
A blowing or swishing sound created by turbulence of blood flow
3
Q
Blood Pressure
A
The force exerted on arterial walls by blood flowing within the vessel
4
Q
Bradycardia
A
Abnormally slow pulse rate, less than 60 beats per minute
5
Q
Cardiomegaly
A
Englargement of the heart
6
Q
Antipyretic
A
Agent that reduces fever
7
Q
Cardiac Output
A
The amount of blood ejected by the heart with each ventricular contraction
8
Q
Cyanosis
A
A bluish tinge of skin color
9
Q
Diastolic Pressure
A
The pressure of the blood against the arterial walls when the ventricles of the heart are at rest
10
Q
Dysrhythmia
A
A pusle with an irregular rhythm
11
Q
Erythema
A
A redness tinge of skin color associated with a variety of skin rashes
12
Q
Flushing
A
Reddening of the face and neck as a result of increased blood flow
13
Q
Hypertension
A
An abnormally high blood pressure; over 140 mmHG systolic and/or 90 mmHg diastolic
14
Q
Hypotension
A
An abnormally low blood pressure; less than 100 mmHg systolic in an adult
15
Q
Ischemia
A
Deficiency of blood supply caused by obstruction of circulation to the body part
16
Q
Jaundice
A
A yellowish tinge to skin color
17
Q
Korotkoff’s Sounds
A
The five phases of blood pressure sounds
18
Q
Murmur
A
An abnormal sound of the heart
19
Q
Obliterate
A
Do away with completely, without leaving a trace
20
Q
Orthostatic Hypotension
A
Decreased in blood pressure related to positional or postural changes from lying to sitting or standing positions
21
Q
Pallor
A
Paleness
22
Q
Palpitations
A
Uncomfortable sensations in the chest related to cardiac arrhythmias, such as premature ventricular contractions (PVCs)
23
Q
Perfusion
A
Passage of blood constituents through the vessels of the circulatory system
24
Q
Pulse
A
The wave of blood within an artery that is created by contraction of the left ventricle of the heart
25
Q
Pulse Deficit
A
The difference between the apical pulse and the radial pulse
26
Pulse Pressure
The difference between the systolic and diastolic blood pressure
27
Pyrexia
A body temperature above the normal range; fever
28
Sphygmomanometer
A pressure gauge for measuring blood pressure
29
Stethoscope
A medical instrument for listening to the sounds generated inside the body.
30
Stroke Volume
The amount of blood ejected with each cardiac contraction
31
Syncope
A spontaneous loss of consciousness caused by insufficient blood to the brain
32
Systolic Pressure
The pressure of blood against the arterial walls when the ventricles of the heart contract
33
Tachycardia
An abnormally rapic pulse rate; greater than 100 beats per minute
34
Temperature
The degree of hotness or coldness of a body or enviornment (Corresponding to its molecular activity)
35
Turgor
the normal rigid state of fullness of a cell or blood vessel or capillary resulting from pressure of the contents against the wall or membrane
36
Vital Signs
Body temperature, pulse, respiration, and blood pressure. Many agencies have designated pain as the fifth vital sign
37
Adventitious breath sounds
Abnormal breath sounds that occur when air passes through narrowed airways or airways filled with fluid or mucus, or when pleural linings are inflamed
38
Alveoli
Thin-walled microscopic air sacs in the lungs where the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide takes place
39
Apnea
A complete absense of respirations
40
Atelectasis
Collapse of the air sacs
41
Auscultation
The process of listening to sounds produced within the body, such as with the use of a stethoscope that amplifies sounds and conveys them to the nurse's ears
42
Bradypnea
Abnormally slow respiratory rate, usually less than 10 respirations per minute
43
Cheyne-Stokes respirations
Rhythmic waxing and waning of respirations from very deep breathing to very shallow breathing with periods of temporary apnea, often associated with cardiac failure, increased intracranial pressure, or brain damage
44
Crackles
Fine crackling or bubbling sound heard on inspiration, fluid in alveoli or opening of closed alveoli
45
Diffusion
The mixing of molecules or ions of two or more sustances as a result of random motion
46
Dyspnea
Difficult or labored breathing
47
Exhalation
Breathing out, or the movement of gases from the lungs to the atmosphere
48
Eupnea
Normal, quiet breathing
49
Expiration
The outflow of air from the lungs to the atmosphere
50
Gurgles
AKA rhonchi, low pitched, bubbling heard in larger airways. More prominent during expiration. Sounds like wet snoring. May clear with deep breathing or coughing
51
Hemoptysis
The presence of blood in the sputum
52
Hyperpnea
Energetic (deep and rapid) respiration that occurs normally after exercise or abnormally with fever or various disorders
53
Hyperventilation
Very deep, rapid respirations
54
Hypoventilation
Very shallow respirations
55
Hypoxia
Insufficient oxygen anywhere in the body
56
Hypoxemia
Low partial pressure of oxygen or low saturation of oxyhemoglobin in the arterial blood
57
Inspiration
The intake of air into the lungs
58
Kussmaul's Respirations
Hyperventilation that accompanies metabolic acidosis in which the body attempts to compensate (give off excess body acids) by blowing off carbon dioxide through deep and rapid breathing
59
Nonproductive Cough
A dry, harsh cough without secretions
60
Orthopnea
Ability to breath only when in an upright position (sitting or standing)
61
Percussion
A method of which the body surface is struck to elicit sounds that can be heard or vibrations that can be felt
62
Pleural Friction Rub
Creaking or grating sound from roughened, inflamed surfaces or the pleura rubbing together, evident during inspiration, expiration, or both and no change with coughing; usually uncomfortable, especially on deep inspiration
63
Productive Cough
Cough that expectorates mucous secretions from the respiratory tract
64
Pulse Oximetry
A noninvasive device that measures the arterial blood oxygen saturation by means of a sensor attached to the finger or other location
65
Rales
Bubbling or noisy sounds caused by fluids or mucus in the air passages
66
Respiration
The act of breathing; includes the intake of oxygen and the output of carbon dioxide from the cells to the atmosphere
67
Rhonchi
Lower-pitched sounds like snoring or rattling, secretions in larger airways (pneumonia, bronchitis, aspiration)
68
Tachypnea
Abnorally fast respirations; usually more than 24 respirations per minute
69
Ventilation
The movement of air in and out of the lungs; the process of inhalation and exhalation
70
Wheeze
Continuous high-pitched whistling sound heard when air is forced through a narrow space during inspiration or expiration
71
Accomodation
A process of change whereby cognitive processes mature sufficiently to allow a person to solve problems that were previously unsolvable
72
Alert
Mentally responsive
73
Aphasia
Any defects in or loss of the power to express oneself by speech, writing, or signs, or to comprehend spoken or written language due to disease or injury of the cerebral cortex
74
Attention Span
The length of time a person can concentrate on any one thing
75
Comatose
In a state of deep and unusually prolonged unconsciousness
76
Convergence
A binocular cue for perceiving depth; the extent to which the eyes converge inward when looking at an object. The greater the inward strain, the closer the object.
77
Extraocular Movements (EOM)
These are eye movements controlled by several pairs of eye musscles. During the assessment, both eyes should move in a coordinated manner. No movement in one may indicate neurologic pathology
78
Glasgow Coma Scale
A neurologic scale used to assess level of consciousness
79
Lethargic
Difficult to arouse
80
Level of Consciousness (LOC)
A subtle change is the first indicatior of a decline in neurological status. Changes can include a complaint of headache; restlessness, irritability, or being unusually quiet; slurred speech; or a change in the level of orientation. Decerebrate or decorticate posturing, as well as pinpoint or dilated and nonreactive pupils, is a late sign of deterioration. Notify MD immediately of any change
81
Memory
The cognitive processes whereby past experience is remebered
82
Orientation
The mental status of a patient as measured by memory of person (name), place (current location), time (current year, month, and approximate date), and event (What happened)
83
PERRLA/PERLA
Acronym for Pupils Equals, Round, React to Light, Accomodation
84
Pupil Reactions
Measure time to contract to bright light. Dilate to darkness
85
Pupil Size
Normally 3-7 mm in diameter miosis- if 6 mm (head injury, drugs) anisocoria- unequal pupils. A blown pupil can be fatal
86
Reflex
Involuntary response to a stimulus
87
Anorexia
Loss of appetite
88
Anthropometric
Measurements including height, weight and other body measurements such as fat composition and head and chest circumferences
89
Basal Metobolism Rate (BMR)
The rate of energy utilization in the body required to maintain essential activities such as breathing
90
Buccal Cavity
The cavity between the jaws and the cheeks
91
Caries
Tooth cavities
92
Cholesterol
A lipid that does not contain fatty acid but possesses many of the chemical and physical properties of other lipids
93
Digestion
The breaking down of food into nutrients the body can use. The digestive system is a series of body organs that break foods down and absorb their nutrients
94
Dysphagia
Difficulty swallowing
95
Heartburn
A painful burning sensation in the chest caused by gastroesophageal reflux (backflow from the stomach irritating the esophagus)
96
Ideal Body Weight (IBW)
The optimal weight recommended for optimal health
97
Lipid
Organic substances that are greasy and insoluble in water but soluble in alcohol or ether
98
Minerals
A substance found in organic compounds, as inorganic compounds and as free ions
99
Nutrient
Organic, inorganic, energy-producing substances found in foods required for body functioning
100
Triglycerides
Substances that have three fatty acids; they account for more than 90% of the lipids in food and in the body
101
Vitamins
An organic compound that cannot be manufactured by the body and is needed in small quantities to catalyze metabolic processes
102
Borborygmi
Loud, gurgling bowel sounds signaling increased motility or hyperperistalsis, occurs with early bowel obstruction, gastroenteritis, diarrhea
103
Bowel Movement
The passage of stool from the bowel
104
Colon
The part of the large intestine between the cecum and the rectum
105
Constipation
Passage of small, dry, hard stool or passage of no stool for a period of time
106
Diarrhea
Defecation of liquid feces and increased frequency of defecation
107
Fecal Impaction
A mass or collection of hardened, putty-like feces in the folds of the rectum
108
Feces (stool)
Excreted waste products
109
Flatulence
The presence of excessive amounts of gas in the stomach or intestines
110
Flatus
Gas or air normally present in the stomach or intestines
111
Girth
The distance around a person's body
112
Hemoccult (Occult blood, Guaiac)
A test performed for occult (hidden) blood in the stool to detect gastrointestinal bleeding not visible to the eye
113
Hemorrhoids
Distended veins in the rectum
114
Hyperactive Bowel Sounds
Loud, gurgling sounds, "borborygmi," signal increased motility. They occur with early mechanical bowel obstruction (high-pitched), gastroenteritis, brisk diarrhea, laxative use, and subsiding paralytic ileus
115
Hypoactive Bowel Sounds
Diminished or absent bowel sounds signal decreased motility as a result of inflammation as seen with peritonitis; from paralytic ileus as following abdominal surgery; or from late bowel obstruction. Also occurs with pneumonia
116
Incontinence (bowel)
The loss of voluntary ability to control fecal and gaseous discharges through the anal sphincter. There is partial and major
117
Laxative
Medications that stimulate bowel activity and assist fecal elimination
118
Ostomy
An opening on the abdominal wall for the elimination of feces or urine
119
Peristalsis
Wavelike movement produced by circular and longitudinal muscle fibers of the intestinal walls; the movement propels the intestinal contents onward
120
Stool
Excreted waste products
121
Anuria
The failure of the kidneys to produce urine, resulting in a total lack of urination or output of less than 100 mL per day in an adult
122
Catheteriztion
Performed to withdraw urine for diagnostic purposes, to control incontinence, or to place fluid into the bladder
123
Costovertebral Angle
One of two angels that outline a space over the kidneys that is formed by the rib cage and the vertebral column
124
Cystoscopy
Visual examination of the urinary bladder with a cytoscope
125
Dysuria
Painful or difficult voiding
126
Enuresis
Bed-wetting; involuntary passing of urine in children after bladder control is achieved
127
Flank
The side between ribs and hipbone
128
Frequency
The need to urinate often
129
Incontinence
Inability to control bladder and/or bowels
130
Glycosuria
The presence of abnormally high levels of sugar in the urine
131
Hematuria
The presence of blood in the urine
132
Hesitancy
A delay and difficulty initiating voiding; often associated with dysuria
133
Micturition
The process of emptying the bladder
134
Nocturia
Voiding two or more times a night
135
Oliguria
Production of abnormally small amounts of urine by the kidney
136
Polyuria
The production of large amounts of urine by the kidneys without an increased fluid intake
137
Proteinuria
The presence of excessive protein (chiefly albumin but also globulin) in the urine
138
Pyuria
Presence of white blood cells in the urine
139
Residual Urine
The amount of urine remaining in the bladder after a person voids
140
Retention
Inability to empty the bladder
141
Stress Incontinence
Urinary incontinence that occurs when involuntary pressure is put on the bladder by coughing or laughing or sneezing or lifting or straining
142
Urge Incontinence
Urinary incontinence that is generally attributable to involuntary contracts of the bladder muscle resulting in an urgent need to urinate accompanied by a sudden loss of urine
143
Urgency
The feeling that one must urinate
144
Urinary Incontinence
A temporary or permanent inability of the extermal sphincter muscle to control the flow of urine from the bladder
145
Urination
The process of emptying the bladder
146
Voiding
Urinate
147
Abrasion
Loss or damage of the superficial layer of the skin as a result of a body part rubbing or scraping across a rough or hard surface
148
Alopecia
The loss of scalp hair (baldness) or body hair
149
Antibody
Immunoglobulins, part of the body's plasma proteins, defend primarily against the extracellular phases of bacterial and viral intections
150
Ashen
ash-colored or anemic looking from illness or emotion
151
Cerumen
Earwax
152
Contusion
An injury that doesn't break the skin but results in some discoloration
153
Dermis
Second layer of skin, holding blood vessels, nerve endings, sweat glands, and hair follicles
154
Diaphoresis
Sweating
155
Ecchymosis
The purple or black-and-blue area resulting from a bruise
156
Epidermis
Outer layer of skin
157
Exudates
Purulent drainage
158
Gingivitis
Red, swollen gingiva (gums)
159
Halitosis
The condition of having foul smelling breath
160
Hematoma
A contusion or "black eye" resulting from injury
161
Hirsutism
The growth of excessive body hair
162
Incision
The cutting of or into body tissues or organs (especially by a surgeon as part of an operation)
163
Immunity
A specific resistance of the body to infection; it may be natural, or resistance may develop after exposure to a disease agent
164
Inflammation
Local and nonspecific defensive tissue response to injury or destruction of cells
165
Integumentary System
The organ system that forms a protective covering on the outside of the body
166
Keratosis
Term for any skin condtion involving an overgrowth and thickening of the epidermis layer
167
Laceration
Torn, ragged-edged wound
168
Lentigo Senilus
Old age spots. Flat brownish pigmented spot on the skin, due to increased deposition of melanin and an increased number of melanocytes
169
Macrophage
Large white blood cell that removes bacteria, foreign particles, and dead cells
170
Necrosis
The localized death of living cells (as from infection or the interruption of blood supply)
171
Phagocyte
Cells that ingest microorganisms, other cells, and foreign particles
172
Petechiae
Small, pinpoint, purplish hemorrhagic spots on the skin
173
Pressure Ulcer (Decubitus ulcer, bedsore)
Reddened areas, sores, or ulcers of the skin occurring over bony prominences
174
Puncture
Creates small hole in the skin
175
Sebum
The oily, lubricating secretion of sebaceous glands in the skin
176
Abduction
Moving of a body part away from the central axis of the body
177
Adduction
Moving of a body part toward the central axis of the body
178
Ankylosis
Immobility of a joint
179
Atrophy
Waisting away; decreased in size of organ or tissue (e.g. muscle)
180
Circumduction
Circular movement of joint, combining movements; possible in shoulder joint, hip joint, and trunk around a fixing point
181
Contractures
The permanent and often painful stiffening of a joint and muscle
182
Dorsiflexion
Bending of the foot or the toes upward
183
Eversion
Turning the sole of the foot outward
184
Extension
Act of stretching or straightening out a flexed limb
185
External Rotation
Rotation of a joint away from the middle of the body
186
Flaccidity
Weak or lax, loss of muscle tone, limp
187
Flexibility
The ability to move a part through a full range of motion
188
Flexion
Bending a joint
189
Foot drop
Plantar flexion contracture
190
Hemiplegia
Paralysis of one side of the body
191
Hyperextension
The extreme or overextension of a limb or body part beyond its normal limit
192
Internal Rotation
Rotation of a joint toward the middle of the body
193
Inversion
Turning inward
194
Opposition
Movement of the thumb in which the thumb moves across the palm to touch the tips of the fingers on the same hand
195
Osteoporosis
Demineralization of the bone
196
Paraplegia
Paralysis from the waist down
197
Paralysis
Loss of the ability to move a body part
198
Paresis
A slight or partial paralysis
199
Plantar Flexion
Bending of the sole of the foot by curling the toes toward the ground
200
Pronation
Rotation of the hands and forearms so that the palms face downward
201
Prone Position
Lying face down
202
Range of Motion (ROM)
Total motion possible in a joint, described by the terms related to body movements, i.e., ability to flex,extend, abduct, or adduct; measured in degrees
203
Rotation
A single turn (axial or orbital)
204
Spasticity
A condition of increased muscular tone causing stiff and awkward movements
205
Supination
Rotation of the hands and forearms so that the palms face upward
206
Supine Position
Lying on back, facing upward
207
Acute Pain
Pain that lasts only through the expected recovery period (as opposed to chronic)
208
Chronic Pain
Prolonged pain, usually reacurring or persisting over 6 months or longer, that interferes with functioning
209
Diffuse
Spread out
210
Intractable
Pain that is resistance to cure or relief
211
Periodicity
The tendency to recur at regular intervals
212
Pharmacologic
A known, inherent pharmacologic effect of a drug, directly related to dose
213
Psychogenic
Originating in the mind
214
Referred
Pain perceived to be in one are but whose source is another area
215
Somatic
Originates in the skin, muscle, bone, or connective tissue
216
Threshold
The least amount of stimuli that is needed for a person to label a sensation as pain
217
Tolerance
The maximum amount of pain stimuli that a person is willing to withstand without seeking avoidance of the pain or relief
218
Visceral
Pain arising from organs or hollow viscera
