Quiz Flashcards
Acute inflammation characteristically involves:
a.
Capillary endothelial cell enlargement
b.
Influx of neutrophils
c.
Constriction of arterioles
d.
Influx of macrophages
Influx of neutrophils
Which of the following are the roles of inflammation? (mark all that apply)
Select one or more:
a.
Contain and isolate injury
b.
Tissue healing and repair
c.
Analgesia
d.
Tissue elongation
e.
Destroy invading microorganisms
Contain and isolate injury
Destroy invading microorganisms
Tissue healing and repair
Which of the following are cardinal signs of inflammation? (mark all that apply)
Select one or more:
a.
Heat
b.
Swelling
c.
Pain
d.
Loss of function
e.
Redness
Heat Redness Swelling Pain Loss of function
The unrestricted practice of animal rehabilitation by physical therapists is permissible in all states under federal law.
Select one:
True
False
False
Due to legal reasons, which of the following terms is preferred?
Select one:
a.
Canine Physical Therapy
b.
Canine Rehabilitation
Canine Rehabilitation
Which of the following should be done before using any physical agents? (mark all that apply)
Select one or more:
a.
Explain to the owner why you are performing the treatment and what the animal should expect to feel
b.
Clean skin surfaces to remove oils, dirt, or topical medications
Remove anything that may decrease the conductance or alter the uniformity of the modality.
c.
Raise the temperature of the skin surface through friction to increase blood circulation
d.
Check the skin for any wounds, burns, or scabs
Check the skin for any wounds, burns, or scabs
Clean skin surfaces to remove oils, dirt, or topical medications
Explain to the owner why you are performing the treatment and what the animal should expect to feel
Which of the following should be documented when treating a patient with a physical modality? (mark all that apply)
Select one or more:
a.
Frequency of treatment
b.
The agent being used
c.
The exact location of the body being treated
d.
The treatment duration
The agent being used
The treatment duration
The exact location of the body being treated
Frequency of treatment
Identify the different types of heat transfer.
The transfer of energy between objects that are in physical contact Answer 1
The transfer of energy between an object and its environment Answer 2
The transfer of energy to or from a body by means of the emission or absorption of electromagnetic radiation
The correct answer is: The transfer of energy between objects that are in physical contact → Conduction, The transfer of energy between an object and its environment → Convection, The transfer of energy to or from a body by means of the emission or absorption of electromagnetic radiation → Radiation
Which has a higher thermal conductivity (conducts heat better)?
Select one:
a.
Muscle
b.
Fat
Muscle
When should you use superficial heat for dogs?
Select one or more:
a.
To warm up for exercise
b.
To decrease localized pain
c.
To decrease tissue tightness
d.
To increase blood flow to areas of acute inflammation or active infection
To warm up for exercise
To decrease tissue tightness
To decrease localized pain
Systemic heat application may increase all of the following EXCEPT:
Select one:
a.
Blood pressure
b.
Cardiac output
c.
Pulse rate
d.
Respiratory rate
e.
Metabolic rate
Blood pressure
A vigorous thermal effect and stretching of collagen requires a temperature increase of:
Select one:
a.
2 - 4 º C
2 - 4 º C
b.
0 - 1 º C
c.
1 - 2 º C
2 - 4 º C
When stretching connective tissue using heat, the stretch should be applied during or immediately after heating.
Select one:
True
False
‘True’.
Typical treatment time for cold packs is:
Select one:
a.
5-7 minutes
b.
10-20 minutes
c.
20-45 minutes
d.
2-5 minutes
10-20 minutes
When is it appropriate to use cryotherapy in dogs? (mark all that apply)
Select one or more:
a.
After exercise to prevent edema/pain
b.
Post-operative swelling/pain
c.
Pain due to muscle spasm
d.
Musculoskeletal trauma
Post-operative swelling/pain
Musculoskeletal trauma
Pain due to muscle spasm
After exercise to prevent edema/pain
Cold can reduce pain in which of the following ways? (mark all that apply)
Select one or more:
a.
Cold decreases nerve conduction velocity in sensory and motor nerves
b.
Cold acts as a counterirritant (gate theory)
c.
Cold decreases the release of norepinephrine from sympathetic adrenergic fibers
d.
Cold decreases acute inflammation
Cold decreases nerve conduction velocity in sensory and motor nerves
Cold acts as a counterirritant (gate theory)
Cold decreases acute inflammation
Ultrasound frequencies are:
Select one:
a.
Between 10,000 and 15,000 Hz
b.
Between 15,000 and 20,000 Hz
c.
Between 5,000 and 10,000 Hz
d.
Above 20,000 Hz
Above 20,000 Hz
Your patient has an area of 30 cm2 that you want to treat with an ultrasound transducer head of 10 cm2, how long should the treatment time be?
Select one:
a.
10 minutes
b.
16 minutes
c.
6 minutes
d.
4 minutes
e.
12 minutes
12 minutes
Contraindications for therapeutic ultrasound include: (mark all that apply)
Select one or more:
a.
Application over areas of thrombophlebitis
b.
Application over scar tissue
c.
Application over neoplasms
d.
Application directly above the heart
Application directly above the heart
Application over areas of thrombophlebitis
Application over neoplasms
For optimal gains in range of motion, when should stretching occur in relation to applying therapeutic ultrasound?
Select one:
a.
10-15 minutes after treatment
b.
20-30 minutes after treatment
c.
During or immediately after treatment
d.
Immediately before treatment
During or immediately after treatment
If you have a transducer head with a surface area of 2 cm2, what is the maximum surface area you can treat?
Select one:
a.
20 cm2
b.
8 cm2
c.
10 cm2
d.
4 cm2
8 cm2
Non-thermal effects of ultrasound include: (mark all that apply)
Select one or more:
a.
Acoustic streaming
b.
Increased cell diffusion
c.
Increased GAG synthesis
d.
Decreased fibroblast proliferation
e.
Decreased inflammatory process
Acoustic streaming
Increased GAG synthesis
Increased cell diffusion
If your goal in applying therapeutic ultrasound is to heat the tissue, which mode would be preferable?
Select one:
a.
Pulsed mode
b.
Continuous mode
Continuous mode
Low intensity ultrasound can promote the healing of bone fractures.
Select one:
True
False
True’.
What ultrasound intensity is appropriate for treating areas with relatively little soft tissue such as the carpus area or flexor tendons?
Select one:
a.
.5 - 1.0 W/cm2
b.
1.0 - 1.5 W/cm2
c.
1.5 - 2.0 W/cm2
.5 - 1.0 W/cm2
The closer an electrode is placed to a motor point, the more comfortable it will be.
Select one:
True
False
True’.
Precautions and contraindications for electrical stimulation include which of the following?
Select one or more:
a.
Animals with seizure disorders
b.
Obese patients
c.
Areas of thrombosis/thrombophlebitis
d.
Animals under 12 lbs.
e.
Over the trunk during pregnancy
Over the trunk during pregnancy
Areas of thrombosis/thrombophlebitis
Animals with seizure disorders
This electrotherapy uses low voltage electrical currents that are adjusted to stimulate muscle motor nerve strands at a high enough intensity to cause muscle contractions and thus affect muscles at a deep level.
Select one:
a.
TENS
b.
NMES
c.
Interferential
NMES
This electrotherapy uses small electrical currents that are adjusted to send stimulating pulses over the surface of the skin and into nerve endings. Those pulses help to decrease pain by blocking pain signals from reaching the brain. They also help stimulate production of endorphins, the body’s natural painkillers.
Select one:
a.
NMES
b.
Interferential
c.
TENS
TENS
An evoked contraction recruits the small motor units first which are innervated by small diameter nerves.
Select one:
True
False
‘False’.
What is a bipolar NMES configuration?
Select one:
a.
Treatment using multiple pulse durations
b.
Treatment using a polyphasic current
c.
Treatment using 2 electrodes
d.
Treatment using current that has a bi-directional flow of charged particles
Treatment using 2 electrodes
Photobiomodulation has which of the following effects? (mark all that apply)
Select one or more:
a.
Reduces pain
b.
Reduces inflammation
c.
Accelerates wound healing
d.
Reduces fever
Reduces pain
Reduces inflammation
Accelerates wound healing
A superficial wound that is 20 cm2 should receive how many Joules of laser energy?
Select one:
a.
60 - 80 Joules
b.
200-240 Joules
c.
160-200 Joules
d.
20-40 Joules
60 - 80 Joules
You are treating an arthritic hip that was an area of 300cm2. How many Joules of laser energy should you apply to the area?
Select one:
a.
900 Joules
b.
3000 Joules
c.
300 Joules
d.
1500 Joules
3000 Joules
Laser therapy dosage is dependent upon which three factors?
Select one or more:
a.
Velocity
b.
Wavelength
c.
Time
d.
Power
e.
Temperature
Wavelength
Power
Time
Which of the following is true regarding the photobiomodulation associated with laser therapy? (mark all that apply)
Select one or more:
a.
Increased bradykinin levels
b.
Increased nerve cell action potentials
c.
Ion channel normalization
d.
Increase in beta endorphins
Increase in beta endorphins
Increased nerve cell action potentials
Ion channel normalization
The single most important factor in treatment outcome when using a therapeutic laser is:
Select one:
a.
Laser power
b.
Target dose
c.
Speed and angle of application
d.
Duration of treatment
Target dose
Treating an area with a 10-Watt laser for 1 minute provides the same dose as treating the area with a 1-Watt laser for how long?
Select one:
a.
A 1-Watt laser cannot provide the same dose as a 10-Watt laser
b.
1 minute
c.
10 minutes
d.
6 minutes
e.
20 minutes
10 minutes
Extracorporeal shockwaves are electrostatic shocks of various frequencies which create an intense field at density interfaces.
Select one:
True
False
False’.
The clinical effects of extracorporeal shock wave therapy include which of the following?
Select one or more:
a.
Long-term analgesia (>7 days)
b.
Realignment of tendon fibers
c.
Improved vascularity
d.
Enhanced wound healing
e.
Increased bone formation
f.
Reduced inflammation & swelling
Reduced inflammation & swelling Improved vascularity Increased bone formation Realignment of tendon fibers Enhanced wound healing
When preparing to apply extracorporeal shockwave therapy, (mark all that apply)
Select one or more:
a.
Clean the skin
b.
Use ultrasound gel
c.
Clip the hair in the area of treatment
d.
Sedate the animal or provide light anesthesia
Clip the hair in the area of treatment
Use ultrasound gel
Sedate the animal or provide light anesthesia
Clean the skin
Studies have shown that extracorporeal shockwave therapy can improve which of the following scores?
Select one or more:
a.
Vertical impulse
b.
Peak braking force
c.
Comfortable range of motion
d.
Peak vertical force
Peak vertical force
Comfortable range of motion
Vertical impulse
Peak braking force
Extracorporeal shockwave therapy may be used as an alternative to NSAID therapy.
Select one:
True
False
‘True’.
In the clinical study featuring 155 canines, reduction of pain and lameness, as well as improvement in range-of-motion, was observed in less than 95% of the subjects.
Select one:
True
False
False’.
