Modalities Flashcards
Contraindications for ultrasound
Directly over heart Area with embolus Infected areas or neoplasia Epiphyseal area of growing bones Spinal cord post laminectomy
Indications for ultrasound
Decrease pain Decrease muscle spasm Increase ROM/decrease stiffness Increase blood flow/metabolic rate/ tissue healing Calcific tendinitis Wound healing Fracture healing Fibrotic myopathy
Which ultrasound frequency penetrates further and with more divergence 1 or 3?
1
What 3 things does laser therapy accomplish?
- Relieves pain
- Reduces inflammation
- Increases microcirculation
What is The application of electromagnetic radiation
within the red and infrared spectrum over
injuries and lesions to stimulate healing and
pain relief within those tissues.”
Photobiomodulation
How are lasers classified?
By power output and their
potential to cause damage to biological tissue
(especially the eye) if used improperly.
What is a measure of how deep light or any
electromagnetic radiation can penetrate into a material.
It is defined as the depth at which the intensity of the
radiation inside the material falls to 1/e (about 37%) of the
original value at the surface.
Penetration depth
What is most important factor for penetration depth?
Wavelength
How deep a therapeutic dose of laser therapy penetrates is dependent on 3 things
Power
Wavelength
Time
A 10 watt laser will deliver how many joules over one minute?
600 joules/minute
1 watt= 1 joule per second so 10 watts equals 10 joulesx60 seconds= 600 joules/ minute
What is heat transfer by direct interaction of molecules in one area with those in another area?
Conduction
What type of energy transfer is the use of a hot pavk?
Conduction
What is heat transfer by movement of air or fluid from a warm area to a cooler area?
Convection
What type of energy transfer is used in a whirlpool?
Convection
What process is the exchange of electromagnetic energy that occurs when there is a difference in temperature between 2 objects?
Radiation
What is evaporation?
Changing liquid to vapor
What is a nonthermal form of energy that penetrates the tissues and is converted to heat?
Conversion example is ultrasound
What is thermal conductivity?
The ability of a substance to conduct heat
How much should tissue temperature be increased to increase extensibility of tissue?
at least 2 degrees
What is the Gate theory of pain?
Severity of pain sensation is determined by balance of excitability and inhibitory responses to T cells in spinal cord that block C&A delta
What is the thermal agent of choice for acute injuries?
Cold
What depth does 1 MHz ultrasound penetrate?
2-5 CM
What depth does 3 MHz ultrasound penetrate?
1-3 CM
True or False Average energy is lower with pulsed ultrasound than continuous?
True
Does continuous or pulsed ultrasound have the greatest heating effect?
Continuous
What is NMES?
Application of an electrical current to elicit a muscle contraction
What are the general uses for NMES?
muscle reeducation/strengthening, improving function
Which type of muscle fiber is effected the most by disuse atrophy?
Type I
What is the best frequency for NMES?
30-50pps
When is NMES best utilized?
First 2-4 weeks postop, for atrophy, for selective strengthening of muscle groups
What is target dose for superficial tissue with laser?
3-4 joules/cm2
What is target dose for deep tissues with laser?
6-10 joules/cm2
How many cm2 is a 3x5 index xard?
100cm2
With continuous wave laser how many joules is 1 watt for 1 second?
1 Joule
With pulsed wave laser how many joules is 1 watt per second?
1/2 Joule
How many cm of tissue depth can shockwave penetrate?
11 cm
How many days does it take to see visible clinical respomse to shockwave?
3-7 days
What features of water make it useful in therapy?
Thermal, buoyancy, Hydrostatic pressure, surface tension, cohesion and turbulence
What % of BW is borne when dog has water level at hip?
38%
What % of body weight is borne when water is at dog’s lateral condyle of femur?
85%
What amount of body weight is borne when water level is at arteral malleolus of tibia?
91%
