quetsions idk 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

why does facilitated diffusion requires no metabolic energy

A

-particles have their own kinetic energy so can move down a conc grad.

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2
Q

explain why glucose cannot pass through a cell

A

glucose is a large molecule and the phospholipid bilayer acts as a barrier

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3
Q

how do pond leaf’s provide support

A
  • air spaces gives buoyancy.

- supported by surrounding water

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4
Q

whats the shape of sieve tube elements

A

hexagonal/ angular

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5
Q

autoimmune disease definition

A

-abnormal immune response against tissues normally in the body

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6
Q

state the 3 reasons biodiversity needs to be maintained

A
  • economic reasons
  • aesthetic reasons
  • ecological reasons
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7
Q

advantages and disadvantages of species that have not been habituated

A

-more likely to be wiped out by disease
-poaching= more likely
+ less likely to catch disease
+ exhibit natural behaviour

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8
Q

sources of error in potometer investigation

A
  • leaks in apparatus

- shoot not cut underwater

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9
Q

describe how charged particles move across the plasma membrane

A
  • via facilitated diffusion down a concentration gradient

- via active transport, this is against a concentration gradient, using ATP, using a transport or carrier proteins

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10
Q

whats the first line of the secondary defence

A

phagocytosis

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11
Q

T helper cells

A
  • release cytokines that stimulate B cells to develop and stimulate phagocytosis by phagocytes
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12
Q

T killer cells

A

cytotoxic- attack and kill host body cells

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13
Q

T memory cells

A

provide long term immunity

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14
Q

T regulator cells

A

shut down the immune response after a cell has been successfully removed, they are also involved in preventing immunity.

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15
Q

what does a thick waxy cuticle in xerophytes do

A

reduces loss of water vapour through epidermis

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16
Q

what does few air spaces in spongy mesophyll in xerophytes do

A

-reduces surface area for evaporation

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17
Q

what does the systemic system carry

A

carries blood to body

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18
Q

what does the the pulmonary system carry

A

carries blood to the lungs

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19
Q

why is the left ventricle larger than the right ventricle

A
  • cus their walls have to be thicker.
  • the left side pumps blood to the body
  • there is a high pressure
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20
Q

resolution and mag of optical

A

200nm

x1500

21
Q

present or absent in a neutrophil:

  • nucleus
  • lysosomes
  • mitochondria
A

all present

22
Q

what ion is required for the hydrolysis of starch by an enzyme

A

Cl-

23
Q

what are the two extracellular enzymes

A
  • amylase

- trypsin

24
Q

what ion does carbonic anhydrase have attached to it

A

zinc ion

25
Q

talk about the nature of zinc ions in carbonic anhydrase

A

they are inorganic ions and prosthetic groups

26
Q

whats an intracellular enzyme

A

catalase

27
Q

what do biosensors do

A

they take a biological or chemical variable and convert it to an electrical signal

28
Q

how can a student reduce the uncertainty of their data

A

-use more precise apparatus

29
Q

what is needed for a hydrolysis reaction

A

water

30
Q

whats an anabolic reaction

A

when energy is used to synthesise larger molecules

31
Q

whats a catabolic reaction

A

metabolites are broken down into smaller molecules and release energy

32
Q

why was there rise to the 3 domain system instead of the 5 kingdom

A
  • 4 of the 5 kingdoms are eukaryotic
  • bacteria and archaea are different from each other
  • 3 domain system more accurately reflects phylogeny
  • more evidence than before
33
Q

what does a condensation reaction produce

A

H2O

34
Q

why does glucose cause a colour change in the benedict’s test

A

-because glucose is a reducing sugar

35
Q

when doing a benedict’s test on fruit drink, how could results be more valid

A
  • same conc of benedicts being used
  • same vol of fruit drink being used
  • use of excess benedicts
36
Q

what atoms is DNA made up of

A

C, H, N ,O ,P ,

37
Q

what type of molecule is DNA

A

nucleic acid / polynucleotide

38
Q

what type of monomer is DNA made up of

A

mononucleotide

39
Q

what bond is DNA joined by

A

phosphodiester

40
Q

how could African elephants be conserved in situ- what measurements should be taken here to conserve them

A
  • creating a nature reserve
  • preventing the destruction of the habitat
  • monitoring and ensuring enough food is available
41
Q

why is antibodies crossing into the placenta passive immunity

A

-as the foetus does not produce its own antibodies

42
Q

define species (2)

A

-organisms that are bale to interbreed with each other and produce fertile offspring, they ahve simmilar phylogeny

43
Q

potential benefits to agriculture of maintaining biodiveristy

A
  • maintains pollinators
  • genetic variation=== allows for selective breeding
  • variety useful in changing climate
  • sources of new medicine
44
Q

explain why crops growing in new climates is bad

A
  • could encounter new diseases
  • crops have little resistance
  • higher number of pests
45
Q

example of passive natural immunity

A
  • antibodies in breast milk/ across the placenta
46
Q

examples of passive artificial immunity

A
  • anti-venom

- needle stick injections

47
Q

examples of active natural

A

-humoral response to infection- physical contact with pathogen

48
Q

examples of active artificial

A

vaccination