idk Flashcards
what would a high Ph do to the phospholipid bilayer
at a low ph, the cell is more acidic, there are more H+ ions which disrupt the cell membrane
H+ ions denature the proteins in the cell membrane so dirupt the phospholipid bilayer, IONIC BONDS ARE AFFECTED HERE, the permability of the cell increases
what does the nucleolus make
ribosomes
how do monocytes become macrophages
when they move into tissues
what way does dna polymerase move
5’ to 3’
State and explain ways in which the glucose molecule is well suited to its function in
living organisms.
- soluble so can be transported easily
- easily broken down and respired to release energy
- small so can be transported across cell membranes
- molecules can be transported to produce polysaccharides
size of ribosomes in humans and bacteria
humans= 80s bacteria= 70s
What do fatty acids donate
H+ ions
talk abt unsaturated fatty acids
- contain more than one C=C bond
- kinking means that unsaturated fatty acids cant pack as closely together, making intermolecular forces weaker, less energy to break the intermolecular forces
talk abt how triglycerides are good energy sources
- the ester bonds can be easily hydrolysed to release glycerol for respiration, they act as energy stores.
talk abt what happens during the formation of a peptide bond
- the carboxyl group donates an -OH group while the amino acid donates an -H to form a peptide bond, and a molecule of water is produced
what is used to break down non-reducing sugars
hydrochloric acid
low reading of absorbance=
Low reading for absorbance means higher conc. of reducing sugar
what is used to test for starch
potassium iodide
example of increasing validity
use colorimeter instead of colourchart
-look at experiment design
how to improve accuracy
take a mean
- more points
- anomalies
triphosphates release energy for what
formation of phosphodiester bonds
what is amylase secreted by
the salivary glands and the pancreas
Q10 coefficient
rate at T + 10
__________
rate at T
what are there subtle changes in in the induced fit
subtle changes in the R group
what will a high pH do to enzymes
will disrupt the hydrogen and ionic bonds causing changes in the tertiary structure
Explain how a change in a sequence of DNA bases could result in a non-functional enzyme.
- different amino acid sequence
- different R groups on the amino acids so different bonds form
- so change in tertiary structure so different active site which won’t be complimentary to substrate
Explain how cell surface membranes contribute to the process of cell signalling.
- cells release molecules for signalling from cells through exocytosis.
- glycoproteins act as receptors.
- specific receptors on plasma membrane will receive the molecules.
- as molecules and receptors are complimentary to each other
How would using a narrower range of alcohol concentrations improve the investigation?
would improve accuracy
how are the gills adapted for efficient gas exchange?
- many lamella provide a large surface area
- secondary lamellae provide for a large sa to volume ratio
- this allows for faster diffusion
- there is also a short distance between blood and water
whats a tissue
- a collection of the same cells providing the same function
whats an organ
-made up of several different tissues to perform a function
talk abt what competitive inhibitors do
- competes with substrate for active site
- both complimentary
- it blocks the active site
- substrate now cant enter and form an esc
what bonds does a high pH disrupt
disrupts ionic and hydrogen
why is vaccination active immunity
- activation of lymphocytes occur
- antibodies are produced
- memory cells remain
3 properties of fibrous compared to globular
- insoluble
- unreactive
- strong
when doing a test what should always be present
a control
why have bats and birds both evolved wings
they have a simmilar niche
- both face simmilar selection pressures
- wings are an advantage to survival so allele is to be passed on
outline the process of DNA rep after pairing of nitrogenous bases
- DNA polymerase bind nucleotides together
- sugar phosphate backbone reforms
- DNA winds into a double helix
cell mediated immunity- what happens
Action of T cells
- antigen is presented via host cell
- T cells with correct receptor bind with antigen
- they divide by mitosis (clonal expansion) and differentiate into T4
humoral immunity- what happens
Action of B cells
- A free antigen binds to a complimentary B cell receptor, activating the B cell (clonal selection)
- the pathogen is endocytosed and presented on the PM
- T helper cells bind to the presented antigens and stimulates the B cell to divide by mitosis (clonal expansion)
- the B cell differentiates into plasma cells and memory cells
