Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

bio > own notes c,l,p > Flashcards

own notes c,l,p Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what are carbohydrates?

A

organic compounds made up of c,h,o–(made up of simple sugars a&B)?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

name 4 examples of carbohydrates

A

glucose, glycogen, starch, cellulose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what are carbohydrates made of

A

1 c, 2h, 1o

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what are 3 uses of carbohydrates

A
  1. storage for energy
  2. source of energy
  3. structural units
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what are the 3 groups of carbohydrates?

A

monosaccharides
disaccharides
polysaccharides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

describe monosaccharides

A
  • simplest single sugars- simplest carbohydrate
    -used as a source of energy
    -sugars which taste sweet
    -soluble in water
  • same number of c as o
    -form white crystalline solids
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

3 examples of monosaccharides

A

fructose, galactose, glucose(C6H12O6)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what are monosaccharides are they monomers

A

monomers of more complex carbohydrates- bond to form disaccharides or polysaccharides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what are the two isomers ( forms) of glucose?

A

a-glucose and b-glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what are 4 types of monosaccharides?

A

a-glucose, b-glucose, ribose, deoxyribose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what are isomers?

A

molecules with the same formula, but whose atoms are arranged differently in space eg a-glucose and b-glucose.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what’s a glyosidic bond?

A

a bond formed between two monosaccharides by a condensation reaction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

(ud)what does a-glucose form?

A

starch and glycogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

(ud) what does b-glucose form?

A

cellulose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

how are disaccharides formed?

A

when two monosaccharides are joined together a condensation reaction occurs to produce a glyosidic bond

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what are the three most common disaccharides

A

maltose (reducing s), sucrose (non-reducing s) and lactose (reducing s)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

how are disaccharides broken into monosaccharides

A

by a hydrolysis reaction which requires addition of water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what is the -OH group

A

the hydroxyl group

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

if both monosaccharides are a-glucose, what bond do they form?

A

a 1-4 glyosidic bond .

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

examples of making disaccharides:
a-glucose+a-glucose=…

A

maltose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

examples of making disaccharides:
a-glucose+fructose=…

A

sucrose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

examples of making disaccharides:
a-glucose+b-glucose=…

A

lactose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

examples of making disaccharides:
b-glucose+b-glucose=…

A

cellobiose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what is ATP

A

energy currency of a cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what are polysaccharides?

A

polymers of monosaccharides, made of many monosaccharides joined together.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

3 examples of polysaccharides…

A

starch, glycogen, cellulose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

what are polysaccharides good as ( examples too)

A

they are good energy stores- glycogen in animals, starch in plants.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

how do polysaccharides hold glucose and how is this useful?

A

hold glucose molecules in chains, so they can easily be snipped off by hydrolysis when required for respiration ( sped up with enzyme)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

is amylose( dk what type/ where from) branched or unbranched?

A

unbranched

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

is amylopectin and glycogen branched or unbranched?

A

branched

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

amylopectin and glycogen are branched, what does this mean for them?

A

more compact and offer the chance for lots of glucose molecules to be snipped by hydrolysis at the same time when lost of energy is required quickly.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

why are polysaccharides less soluble in water than monosaccharides?

A

due to their size and regions which could hydrogen bond in water are hidden.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

what would happen if many glucose molecules did dissolve in the cytoplasm?

A

the water potential would reduce so excess water would diffuse in, disrupting the normal workings of the cell.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

what is the most common polysaccharide

A

starch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

where is cellulose found & describe it.

A

found in plants, forming cell walls- tough insoluble fibrous substance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

what’s a homopolysaccharide ?

A

polysaccharide made up of one type of monosaccharide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

what’s a heteropolysaccharide?

A

polysaccharide made up of more than one type of monosaccharide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

cellulose is a homopolysaccharide, what is it made of?

A

made up of b-glucose molecules bonded by condensation reactions to form glyosidic bonds
(chains are straight and lie side by side ( dont spiral)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

sate key ideas about cellulose

A

polysaccharide
chains of b-glucose
are straight( don’t spiral)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

cellulose^^ what helps the chain from spiralling

A

every other b glucose molecule is rotated 180 degrees

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

what does the hydrogen bonding between the rotated b-glucose molecules in each chain do?

A

gives the chain additional strength, and stops it from spiralling.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

cellulose: what enables the hydrogen bonds to be formed between chains

A

the hydroxyl group on carbon 2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

what are lipids made up of

A

large amounts of carbon and hydrogen and smaller amounts of oxygen.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

are lipids insoluble in water? why?

A

yes as they are not polar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

what are lipids made up of (atoms)

A

large amounts of carbon and hydrogen and smaller amounts of oxygen.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

are lipids insoluble in water? why?

A

yes as they are not polar- they dissolve in alcohol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

what are the three most important lipids?

A

triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids (all macromolecules)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

what is a triglyceride made up of?

A

1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

state what glycerol has

A

3 -OH groups
=its an alcohol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

what do fatty acids have?

A

-have a carboxyl group (-COOH)
attached to a hydrocarbon tail

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

what can the carboxyl group do?

A

ionise H+ and -COO- group thus an acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

what does a saturated fatty acid have

A

no c=c bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

what does an unsaturated fatty acid have

A

c=c bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

what does a single c=c bond mean (in terms of name)

A

its monounsaturated e.g. oleic acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

what does more than one c=c bond mean (in terms of name

A

its polyunsaturated e.g. linoleic acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

what does having more than one c=c bond do ***

A

changes the shape of the hydrocarbon chain (gives it a kink)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

what does a kink in the hydrocarbon chain do

A

kink pushes molecules apart making them more fluid , if there are more unsaturated fatty acids, mp is lower.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

what reaction forms a triglyceride and what happens

A

a condensation reaction occurs (h20 produced) between the -COOH group (fatty acid) and the -OH (glycerol)

59
Q

what is the covalent bond formed between the glycerol and fatty acid called

A

an ester bond

60
Q

what are the 5 functions of triglycerides

A
  1. energy source
  2. energy store
  3. insulation
  4. buoyancy
    5.proctection
61
Q

how does a triglyceride act as an energy source

A

broken doen in respiration to release energy & generate ATP . broken into CO2 and H2O

62
Q

how does a triglyceride act as an energy store

A

insoluble in water so doesn’t affect water potential

63
Q

how does a triglyceride act as an insulator

A

adipose tissue=storage location for lipid/blubber

64
Q

what type of bond is an ester bond

A

a covalent bond

65
Q

how does a triglyceride aid buoyancy

A

fat is less dense than water so mammals stay afloat

66
Q

how does a triglyceride act as protection

A

fat is around delicate organs- shock absorber.
bacteria covered in lipid

67
Q

what is a phospholipid

A

same as a triglyceride but 1 fatty acid replaced with a phosphate group

68
Q

talk about the fatty acids in phospholipids

A

fatty acids found here have an even number of hydrocarbon chains-commonly 1 saturate and 1 unsaturated

69
Q

phospholipids: when surrounded by water what does the phosphate group have?

A

has a negative charge thus polar

70
Q

phospholipids: are fatty acid tails polar or non polar

A

non-polar

71
Q

phospholipids: what property does the head have

A

hydrophillic

72
Q

phospholipids: what property does the tail have

A

hydrophobic

73
Q

phospholipids: if they are hydrophobic and hydrophilic, they are…

A

amphipathic

74
Q

what may phospholipids form on the surface of water

A

a layer- heads in tails out
or micelles (tiny balls)

75
Q

what are phospholipids great at forming?

A

forming membranes around cells and organelles (phospholipid bilayer)

76
Q

cholesterol is a ______

A

lipid

77
Q

state necessary things about cholesterol

A

-its a steroid alcohol
-not made of glycerol or fatty acids
-consists of 4 carbon based rings or isoprene units
-small and hydrophobic
- can sit in the middle of the hydrophobic bilayer
-regulates the fluidity of the membrane

78
Q

where is cholesterol made

A

in the liver of animals

79
Q

what does stigmasterol have (found in plants)

A

has a double bond between carbon 22 & 23

80
Q

what are steroid hormones made of

A

cholesterol

81
Q

can steroid hormones pass through the hydrophobic cell memebrane?

A

yes because small and hydrophobic

82
Q

where are steroid hormones abundant

A

in plants

83
Q

how do you identify lipids and what’s a positive test

A

emulsion test-white layer on top

84
Q

what elements are present in lipids

A

O,H,C

85
Q

what elements are present in proteins

A

C,H,O,N,S

86
Q

what are peptides made of?

A

made of amino acid molecules joined by peptide bonds

87
Q

what are the 4 protein structures

A

primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary

88
Q

what are amino acids

A

monomers of all proteins, all amino acids have the same basic structure

89
Q

whats a peptide bond

A

a bond formed when two amino acids are joined by a condensation reaction

90
Q

what are proteins

A

large polymers comprised of long chains of amino acids. the properties of proteins give them a variety of functions.

91
Q

3 functions of proteins:

A
  • form structural components of animals (muscles)
    -their tendency to adapt to specific shapes makes proteins important as enzymes, antibodies and some hormones
    -membranes have protein constituents that act as carriers and pores for active transport across the membrane and facilitated diffusion.
92
Q

what does each amino acid contain? (atoms)

A

C,H,O,N and sometimes Sulfur

93
Q

how many amino acids are proteinogenic and what does that mean

A

only 20
proteinogenic=means that they are found in proteins

94
Q

what does each protein chain of amino acids contain

A

an amino group (-NH2) at one end and a carboxyl group (-COOH) at the other end.

95
Q

what are the three groups that amino acids contain?

A

amino group, R group, carboxyl group

96
Q

what do almost all amino acids end in

A

the -ine group

97
Q

why are some amino acids hydrophobic and some hydrophilic?

A

the R group can vary by size, charge and polarity

98
Q

what happens when amino acids are dissolved in water (key= amino acids act as buffers)

A

when dissolved, the amino group and carboxyl group can dissolve in water- the amino group accepts H= ions (NH2 to NH3+)
the carboxyl group gives up H+ ion so goes from COOH to COO-

99
Q

what are amino acids joined together by

A

by covalent bonds called peptide bonds

100
Q

just like the glyosidic bond and the ester bond, what does making a peptide bond involve

A

a condensation reaction ( breaking= hydrolysis)

101
Q

give an example of peptide bonds being broken (hydrolysed)

A

protease enzymes in the intestine breaking down peptide bonds during digestion.

102
Q

what are two amino acids joined together called?

A

a dipeptide

103
Q

what is it known as when longer chains of amino acids are joined together

A

a polypeptide

104
Q

in terms of chains, what might a protein consist of

A

a single polypeptide chain or more than 1 chain bonded together

105
Q

what’s a primary structure protein

A

sequence of amino acids found in a molecule- sequence of amino acids in a protein chain

106
Q

what’s the secondary structure protein held by (a-helix)

A

the helix is held by hydrogen bonds between the -NH group of one amino acid and the -CO group of another for places ahead of it in the chain.

107
Q

secondary structure, what produces a B-pleated sheet

A

when such chain (zig-zag structure) folds over itself- the hydrogen bonds between the -NH group of one amino acid and the -CO further down the strand hold the sheet together

108
Q

what is quaternary structure?~~

A

many proteins are made up of more than one polypeptide chain (held by same types of bonds that hold tertiary structure)

109
Q

what is the secondary structure primarily held by

A

hydrogen bonds

110
Q

what are the 2 types of proteins

A

fibrous proteins
globular proteins

111
Q

describe fibrous proteins

A

-relatively long, thin structure.
Insoluble in water & metabolically inactive, often has a structure within an organism

112
Q

describe globular proteins

A
  • has molecules of a relatively spherical shape. soluble in water. Often have metabolic roles within the organism
113
Q

what’s a prosthetic group

A

a non-protein component that forms a permanent part of a functioning protein molecule

114
Q

what is the monomer of carbohydrates

A

monosaccharides

115
Q

whats the monomer of proteins

A

amino acids

116
Q

whats the monomer of nucleic acids

A

nucleotides

117
Q

Why is water polar

A

oxygen pulls the electrons towards it making it slightly negative, this makes H slightly positive

118
Q

what is cohesion

A

two or more water molecules attracting each other via hydrogen bonds

119
Q

what is surface tension

A

makes a body of water appear as if there is a film on top. layer able to resist force applied so small animals can walk on it.

120
Q

what will dissolve in water

A

ions and polar molecules

121
Q

is ice less dense than water

A

yes due to structure

122
Q

talk about waters latent heat of vaporisation

A

high latent heat of vaporisation- lots of energy needed to break hydrogen bonds

123
Q

Is water a good solvent

A

good solvent as water is polar

124
Q

2 roles of cholesterol in living organisms

A
  1. regulates fluidity of phospholipid bilayer
  2. converted to steroid
125
Q

what are peptide bonds between(specific)

A

between an amine group and a carboxyl group of another

126
Q

what are the 3 roles of proteins

A
  1. structural role (muscle/tendon)
    2.metabolic role (enzymes)
  2. transport roles (haemoglobin)
127
Q

what can R groups vary in

A

size, polarity, charge
-hydrophobic or hydrophilic properties

128
Q

when is a protein formed

A

when one or many polypeptide chains fold into a specific shape that allows it to form a specific function

129
Q

!what is the secondary structure!

A

the curling or folding of the polypeptide chain into a-helix or b-pleated sheet due to formation of hydrogen bonds

130
Q

what are the 3 bonds formed in tertiary structures

A

-hydrogen bonds (form between polar R groups)
-ionic bonds (formed between positively and negatively charged R groups)
-disulphide bridge (form between sulphur atoms in R groups)

131
Q

!what is the tertiary structure of a protein!

A

the overall specific 3D shape of a protein. This is determined by interactions between R groups and properties of R groups.

132
Q

!what is the quaternary structure of a protein!

A

the specific 3D shape of a protein that is determined by the multiple polypeptide chains and/or the prosthetic group bonded together.

133
Q

what are the 3 globular proteins and their role

A

-haemoglobin- transport protein
-insulin-hormones
-pepsin-enzymes

134
Q

state stuff about haemoglobin

A

-4 polypeptide chains (x2 a-globin x2 b-globin)
- conjugated protein, has a prosthetic group on each polypeptide chain .
transports o2 (4 molecules)

135
Q

state stuff about insulin

A

-a hormone
- maintains blood glucose conc.
soluble in water (hydrophilic R group outside)
- 2 polypeptide chains- one a helix one b pleated- joined by disulphide links

136
Q

state stuff about pepsin

A
  • catalyses digestion of proteins
    -tertiary structure- kept stable by disulphide bonds and hydrogen bonds
137
Q

what are the 3 fibrous proteins and their function

A

collagen- forms tendons
keratin- hardens features eg fingernails
elastin-makes tissues stretchy

138
Q

what is a fibrous protein

A

very long, strong protein- insoluble, structural role

139
Q

state stuff about collagen

A
  • provides strength
    -found in artery walls to prevent vessels from bursting
    -makes tendons allowing skeletons to move
    -used to make bone
    -has crosslinks- chains can form H bonds with adjacent chains
140
Q

state stuff about keratin

A

-hard and strong
-fingernails, horns, hooves
- contains high amount of cysteine- results in disulphide bonds between polypeptide chains

141
Q

state stuff about elastin

A

-can stretch and recoil
- cross linking keep molecules together
-fund in lungs- inflate and deflate
- found in bladder
- found in blood vessel walls

142
Q

3 examples where hydrogen bonds are present in biological molecules??

A

-cellulose
-tertiary structure protein
-quaternary structure protein

143
Q

Describe how the concentration of a reducing sugar can be measured using a colorimeter ?

A

using , standard / known , concentrations (of reducing sugar) ;
heat with , Benedicts (solution) / CuSO4 + NaOH ;
(use of) same volumes of solutions (each time) ;
(use of) excess Benedicts ;
changes to , green / yellow / orange / brown / (brick) red ;
remove precipitate / obtain filtrate ;
calibrate / zero , colorimeter ;
using , a blank / water / unreacted Benedicts ;
use (red) filter ;
reading of , transmission / absorbance ;
more transmission / less absorbance , of filtrate
= more sugar present ; ora
(obtain) calibration curve ;
plotting , transmission / absorbance ,
against (reducing) sugar concentration

144
Q

state and explain ways in which the glucose molecule is well suited to its function in living organisms

A

-soluble so can be transported easily around the organism
-small so can diffuse across membranes
-easily broken down and converted into atp
-molecules can join to form disaccharides or polysaccharides

bio (29 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions