3. go ovr textbook tricky concepts Flashcards
what does total lung volume consist of
vital capacity and residual vol
whats vital capacity
the max volume of air that can be inhaled/exhaled by the lungs in one breath.
whats residual vol
the vol of air that remains in the lungs even after forced expiration- remains in the airway and alveoli
whats tidal vol
the vol of air moved in and out with each breath- at rest
how do u calculate oxgen uptake from a spirometer trace
- draw a line from a trough to another final trough and measure the difference in vol from these lines.
- divide this by the time taken
- the unit will be dm^3s^-1
how do larger insects ventilate their tracheal system
- tracheal system can expand and have flexible walls
- movements of the wings alter the vol of the thorax
- altering vol of their abdomen
3 reasons why some organisms have a transport system
- big (size)
- big animals ahve a small sa to vol ratio
- large animals have a high metabolic activity
what is pulmonary circulation
a circuit carrying blood to the lungs to pick up oxygen (shouldn’t be at high pressure or it will damage capillaries in the lungs)
whats systemic circulation
- a circuit carrying oxygen and nutrients around the body to the tissue. ( can be at a high pressure)
advantages of having a closed circulatory system
+ higher pressure so that blood flows more quickly.
+ more rapid delivery of oxygen and nutrients.
+ more rapid removal of CO2 and waste
+ transport doesn’t depend on body movements.
what does every blood vessel have
an inner lining called endothelium
what does the artery do
carry blood away from the heart at high pressure
talk abt the structure of the artery
wall consists of 3 layers:
endothelium first
-inner layer (tunica intima)= thin layer of elastic tissue allowing for stretch and recoil to maintain blood pressure
-middle layer (tunica media)= thick layer of smooth muscle
-outer layer (tunica adventitia)= relatively thick layer of collagen and elastic tissue= strength to withstand high pressure & recoil to maintain pressure
what are arterioles
small blood vessels distributing blood from an artery to the capillaries.
-contain a layer of smooth muscle to constrict the diameter- used to divert flow of blood to regions that are demanding o2
what are arterioles and talk abt their structure
small blood vessels distributing blood from an artery to the capillaries.
-contain a layer of smooth muscle to constrict the diameter- used to divert flow of blood to regions that are demanding o2
talk abt the structure of capillaries
- narrow lumen=red blood cells squeezed against wall to reduce diffusion path
- wall= single layer of flattened endothelial cells= reduced diff dist
- walls are leaky allowing blood plasma and dissolved substances to leave
talk abt the structure of capillaries
- narrow lumen=red blood cells squeezed against wall to reduce diffusion path
- wall= single layer of flattened endothelial cells= reduced diff dist
- walls are leaky allowing blood plasma and dissolved substances to leave
what are venules and talk abt their structure
- collect blood from the capillary bed and lead into the veins
- venule wall consists of thin layers of muscle and elastic tissue along with endothelium. thin outer layer of collagen
what do veins do
carry blood back to the heart (low pressure)
talk abt the structure of veins
- lumen=large to ease the flow of blood
- the walls have thin layers of collagen, smooth muscle and elastic tissue in the artery walls, don’t need to stretch and recoil.
- valves to prevent backflow of blood
what’s hydrostatic pressure
the pressure that a fluid exerts when pushing against the sides of a vessel or container
whats lymph
-the fluid held in the lymphatic system, which is a system of tubes that returns excess tissue fluid to the blood system