enzymes recap Flashcards
what does the intracellular enzyme catalase do
breaks down hydrogen peroxide to oxygen and water
what does the enzyme carbonic anhydrase do
converts CO2 and water to carbonic acid
what does the extracellular enzyme amylase do
breaks down starch to maltose
what does the extracellular enzyme trypsin do
breaks down proteins to amino acids
what is the formula for rate of reaction (there are two)
rate of reaction= 1/ time taken
rate of reaction= change in mass or reactant or product/ time
what’s the equation for temperature coefficient
Q10= rate of reaction at (T +10) degrees C
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rate of reaction at T degrees C
what does end product inhibition prevent
prevents overproduction of one product (may act as a non-competitive inhibitor)
what are the two poisons that inhibit enzymes
-potassium cyanide
-snake venom
how does potassium cyanide act as a poison and inhibit enzymes
potassium cyanide is hydrolysed by stomach acid producing H+ and CN- ions.
The CN-ions bind to an enzyme in the mitochondria, inhibiting the enzyme, therefore inhibiting aerobic respiration and causing death
how does snake venom act as a poison and inhibit enzymes
snake venom contains acetylcholinesterase (an enzyme which breaks down acetylcholine) thus acetylcholine isn’t broken down and muscles continue contracting, this leads to paralysis and death due to suffocation as the breathing muscles are not working
what are the 3 medicinal drugs that inhibit and activate enzymes
-aspirin
-protease inhibitors
-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors
how does the medicinal drug aspirin inhibit enzymes
-reduces swelling and pain cus it contains salicylic acid which inhibits enzymes that catalyse the production of prostaglandins which are produced by damaged tissue.
-aspirin can also reduce blood clotting so can be given a low dose to reduce stroke risk, aspirin can damage the stomach lining.
how does the medicinal drug protease inhibitors inhibit enzymes
used to treat some viral infections by preventing virus particle replication in host cells. it competitively inhibits protease enzymes, thus viral protein coats cannot be made
how does the medicinal drug Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors inhibit enzymes
inhibits enzymes involved in making DNA which use viral RNA as a template. These drugs can treat HIV patients
what are inactive precursors
enzymes that need to be activated before they can function
Often this involves the removal of some amino acids from their active sites so that the active sites are exposed or become the correct shape. Digestive enzymes are a common example
Trypsin is a proteolytic enzyme produced in an inactive form (trypsinogen) in the small intestine. Another enzyme removes a part of the molecule, so it becomes the active trypsin
Pepsin is a proteolytic enzyme secreted as inactive pepsinogen; the hydrochloric acid in the stomach causes its activation into pepsin
what do enzymes only work in
enzymes only work in solution so they cam collide
are enzymes changed during a reaction
no, this means they can be constantly reused
suggest how positive ion prosthetic groups help certain enzymes to function
positive ions carry a positive charge. They may allow the R groups of the active site to provide a better fit and for a more stable enzyme-substrate complex
what bonds do pH interact with
hydrogen bonds and ionic bonds
features of systemic circulation
needs to transport substances far distances so high pressure
why must the right ventricle be more muscular
to overcome the greater resistance to blood flow because the greater cross sectional area of the body’s vessels
(more capillary beds in the body than the lungs)
describe atrial fibrillation
Without correct coordination of the heart, the atria tend to beat more rapidly than the ventricles — this called atrial fibrillation and no clear P wave can be seen
-irregular stimulation of the atria
how do u calculate cardiac output
cardiac output (mL/min)= heart rate (beats/min) x stroke volume (mL/ beat)
do trachea, bronchi and bronchioles contain smooth muscle
yes
what required more atp, inhaling or exhaling
inhaling, its an active process that requires ATP
