Questions From (Some) Readings Flashcards
How are head injuries related to death in the US?
10% of all deaths in the US are caused by head injuries, and approximately half of traumatic deaths involve the brain
What are neuralgias
characterized by severe throbbing or stabbing pain in the course of a nerve caused by a demyelinating lesion
What causes a black eye?
Example: Injury to superciliary arches
Fluid and blood that accumulate in surrounding connective tissue gravitates toward the superior eyelid and around the eye
What is malar flush?
Redness of skin covering cheeks(zygomatic process)
Associated with fevers in diseases such as TB and SLE
What are the names for factures of the maxillae?
Le Forte I (fracture so of maxillae)
Le Forte II (entire central part of face is separated from cranium)
Le Forte III ( zygomatic arches separate from rest of cranium)
How do fractures of the mandible generally occur?
Generally involves two fractures
What happens to alveolar bone following a tooth extraction?
It resorbs in the affected region. Tooth sockets begin to fill with bone.
In the mandible, the mental foramen lies near the superior border of the body of the mandible
What will hard blows to the calvaria usually result in?
Depressed factures:
Linear occur at point of impact
comminuted the bone is broken in several pieces
contercoup facture occurs on oppo side
Craniotomy
Surgical access to the cranial cavity and brain by elevating or removing a brain flap
anterior fontanelle
largest, diamond shaped; bounded by the halves of the frontal bone anteriorly. Future site of bregma
posterior fontanelle
triangular, future lambda suture
Primary craniosynotosis
premature closure of cranial sutures, resulting in several cranial malformations
Scaphoncephaly
premature closure of sagittal suture
long, narrow, wedge-shaped cranium
Plagiocephaly
premature closure of coronal or lambdoid suture
cranium is twisted and asymmetrical
Oxycephaly (turricephaly)
premature closure of the coronal suture
high tower like cranium
Process of deformed auricle
i.e. Cauliflower/ Boxer’s Ear
Bleeding within auricle produces hematoma between perichondrium and auricular cartilage. It compromises blood supply to the cartilage, if untreated fibrosis develops in the overlying skin
Otitis externa
inflammation of the external acoustic meatus
Swimmers ear, bacterial infection
Perforation of the tympanic membrane is one of several causes of…
middle ear deafness
large ruptures usually require surgical repair
Myringotomy
incision in tympanic membrane to release pus form middle ear abscesses
Mastoiditis
Inflammation of the mastoid process
Motion sickness results from
discordance between vestibular and visual stimulation
Injuries to the peripheral auditory system cause these three major symptoms:
hearing loss
vertigo
tinnitus
Conductive hearing loss
resulting from anything in the external or middle ear that interfere with conduction or movement of the oval or round windows
Sensorineural hearing loss
resulting from defects in pathway from cochlea to brain
Meniere Syndrome
related to excess endolymph or blockage of endolymphatic duct
Otic barotrauma
Injury to ear caused by imbalance in pressure between ambient air and air in middle ear
Indirect traumatic injury that displaces the orbital walls is called a…
blowout fracture
Exophthalmos
Protrustion of the eyeball
often from intra-orbital bleeding pressure
Ptosis
Eyelid drooping
Hyperemia of conjunctiva
local irritation
“pink eye” conjuncivitits
Someone complaining of flashes of lights or specks floating in the eye might have
retinal detachment
Pupillary light reflex involves with nerve?
CN II
First sign of compression of oculomotor nerve is ipsilateral slowness of pupillary response to light
Uveitis
inflammation of the vascular layer of the eye, may progress to severe visual impairment
Presbyopia
As people age their lenses become harder and more flattened, reducing the focusing power of the lens
Coloboma of Iris
birth defect, in which the choroid fissure fails to close properly, or non-penetrating injuries to the eyeball
Glaucoma
Pressure builds up in the anterior and posterior chambers of the eye
Absence of blinking when touching the cornea with a wisp of cotton suggest a lesion of what nerve?
CNV
possibly CN VII
Horner Syndrome
interruption of a cervical sympathetic trunk and is manifested by absence of sympathetically stimulated functions of the ipsilateral side of the head.
Constriction of pupil, drooping of superior eyelid, redness and increased temp of skin, absence of sweating
Blockage of the central artery of retina leads to..
instant and total blindness
Blockage of central vein of retina
thrombophlebitis may result in passage of a thrombus to central retinal vein and produce blockage of small retina veins. Resulting in slow painless loss of vision
Tarsal glands
produce a lipid secretion that lubricates the edges of the eyelids and prevents them from sticking together when they close
Ciliary glands
large sebaceous glands associated with eyelashes
Describe the chain of the lacrimal gland
Lacrimal gland secrete lacrimal fluid
Excretory ducts convey to conjunctival sac
Collect in lacrimal lake
Drains across to lacrimal canniculi. lacrimal puncta are the openings that drain to the
lacrimal sac
nasolacrimal canal conveys fluid to cavity inferior to inferior nasal concha
Cerebral concussion
abrupt brief loss of consciousness immediately after a severe head injury
Cerebral contusion
results from brain trauma in which the pia is stripped from in injured surface of the brain and may be torn, allowing blood to enter subarachnoid space
Cisternal puncture
CSF may be obtained this way
Young children: cerebellomedullary cistern
Adults: lumbar cistern
Hydrocephalus
Overproduction of CSF, obstruction of CSF flow, or interference with absorption.
Dilates the ventricles and thins cortex. Separating the bones of calvaria in infants
What is a way to distinguish CSF (leaking from fracture) from mucus?
Glucose levels of CSF reflect that of the blood
Interruption of blood supply for 30 sec does what?
1-2 min?
after 5 min?
30sec- alters brain metabolism
1-2min- neural function may be lost
after 5min- cerebral infarction
TIAs
Transient Ischemic Attacks
usually last only a few minutes
Increased risk of MI and ischemic stroke
Lateral ventricle
The 1st and 2nd ventricles are the largest and occupy large areas or the cerebral hemispheres. Opens through interventricular foramen into 3rd ventricle
3rd Ventricle
slit-like cavity between right and left halves of diencephalon. Is continuous postero-inferiorly with the cerebral aqueduct
Cerebral aqueduct
narrow channel in midbrain connecting 3rd and 4th ventricles
4th ventricle
posterior part of the pons and medulla, extends inferoposteriorly, continues as central canal
CSF is secreted at what rate and from where?
400-500mL/day mainly by choroid epithelial cells of the choroid plexus in the lateral 3rd and 4th ventricles
Main site of CSF absorption into the venous system
arachnoid granulations
Torticollis
contraction or shortening of the cervical muscles that produce twisting of the neck and slanting of the head
Venous air embolism
will fill right side of heart with froth, which nearly stops blood flow
Can occur if external jugular vein is severed in cervical region
