Questions from S 13 Flashcards
Not official question
What is difference between mortality and case fatality rate?
Mortality rate
From total number of people infected (both symptomatic and asymptomatic), how many died, of a period of time
e.g 100 people have covid, 1 person dies. Mortality rate is 1%
Gives a better idea of what percentage of total population are affected
Case fatality rate
From total number of people, who are symptomatic, how many died over a period of time
e.g 100 people have covid, 20 people are symptomatic, 1 person dies - CFR 5%
Gives a better idea about prognosis, and how likely someone is to die from the disease
Official question from Samir
Rank the mortality rate of these viral infections
SARS-CoV-2
MERS
Rabies
Ebola Bundibugyo
Ebola Tai Forest
Ebola Sudan
Ebola Zaire
SARS-CoV-2 1-2%
MERS 35%
Rabies 100% - 1 person apparently survived in Wisconsin - Milwaukee protocol
Ebola Bundibugyo 25%
Ebola Tai Forest 0% - only 1 confirmed case who survived
Ebola Sudan 50%
Ebola Zaire 60-90%
Not official question
What is R0?
How is it calculated?
R0 - basic reproductive value. How many subsequent infections will be produced from an index case. e.g how transmissible something is
R0 >1 will mean 1 infection causes multiple subsequent infections
R0 Equation:
Duration of contagiousness after infection
Probability of transmission between contacts
Rate of contacts in population
Official question from Samir
What is the R0 for these infections?
Measles
Polio
Rhinovirus
Smallpox
Influenza
SARS-CoV–2
Ebola
HIV
The R0 for COVID-19 is a median of 5.7,
Ro
Measles 15
Polio 6
Rhinovirus 6
Smallpox 6
Influenza 2
SARS-CoV–2 2
Ebola 2
HIV 2
Official question from Samir
Which countries had the highest covid mortality rates during early pandemic?
UK
USA
Mexico
Brazil
Italy
India
Official question from Samir
Adult patient admitted with diarrhoea
What tests do you do?
Norovirus Genogroup II RNA
Norovirus Genogroup I RNA
Astrovirus RNA
Sapovirus RNA
Enterovirus RNA
Rotavirus RNA
Adenovirus DNA
norovirus most common cause diarrhoea in adults. Genogroup II is most common cause of outbreaks
rotavirus most common cause diarrhoea in children
Official question from Samir
Neonate with acute sepsis picture
Receive EDTA sample, what to test for?
HSV1 DNA
HSV2 DNA
VZV DNA
Enterovirus DNA
Adenovirus DNA
Parechovirus DNA
CMV DNA
Official question from Samir
What is an Essential Services Lab?
Identified as an option to modernise pathology services following Carter report
Operates 24/7 providing core panel tests
Usually acts as part of hub and spokes model
Official question from Samir
What core tests should an ESL provide?
Respiratory panel – due to turnaround time
Influenza A RNA
Influenza B RNA
RSV A/B RNA
SARS-CoV-2
BBV/ antenatal screening
HIV 1/2 Antibody test - 4th generation assay
HIV1 P24 antigen - 4th generation assay
HBsAg
HBsAg neutralisation test
Anti-HCV IgG
Treponemal Pallidum IgG
Optional -
Anti-HBc
Anti-HBc IgM
HBeAg
HBeAg neutralisation test
Anti-HBe
Official question from Samir
Adult patient with acute liver failure
What tests to perform at an ESL lab?
Core tests:
HIV 1/2 Antibody test - 4th generation assay
HIV1 P24 antigen - 4th generation assay
HBsAg
HBsAg neutralisation test
Anti-HCV IgG
These tests are out-with the core tests, but probably performed by ESL:
HAV IgM
HEV IgM
Anti-HBc - look for HBV flare
CMV IgM
EBV IgM
Parvo B19 IgM
Official question from Samir
What species of Adenovirus cause diarrhoea?
Adenovirus F40
Adenovirus F41
