Past Papers 8 Flashcards

1
Q

For the following five hepatitis E virus laboratory scenarios, please state the most likely interpretation of the laboratory results:

HEV IgM pos
HEV IgG neg
HEV RNA blood - 100000000 iu/ml
HEV RNA faeces - neg

A

recent acute HEV infection

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2
Q

For the following five hepatitis E virus laboratory scenarios, please state the most likely interpretation of the laboratory results:

HEV IgM neg
HEV IgG neg
HEV RNA blood - 100000000 iu/ml
HEV RNA faeces - neg

A

compatible with early acute HEV infection

no development of antibodies yet

either patient is immunosuppressed, or very recent infection

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3
Q

For the following five hepatitis E virus laboratory scenarios, please state the most likely interpretation of the laboratory results:

HEV IgM neg
HEV IgG pos
HEV RNA blood 100000000 iu/ml
HEV RNA faeces pos

A

Evidence of current HEV infection

depending on time of onset, this may be a recent late-primary infection, or a chronic infection

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4
Q

For the following five hepatitis E virus laboratory scenarios, please state the most likely interpretation of the laboratory results:

HEV IgM neg
HEV IgG neg
HEV RNA blood - 100000000 iu/ml for 4 months
HEV RNA faeces

A

Chronic HEV infection

chronic after 3 months

patient may be immunosuppressed

Detectable for ≥3 consecutive months: Persisting HEV RNA in blood
for three or more consecutive months indicated establishment
of persistent HEV infection. Monitor HEV RNA in blood every three-six months. Consider therapeutic intervention.

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5
Q

For the following five hepatitis E virus laboratory scenarios, please state the most likely interpretation of the laboratory results:

HEV IgM neg
HEV IgG pos
HEV RNA blood 100 iu/ml
HEV RNA faeces neg

A

resolving HEV infection

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6
Q

For the following four clinical hepatitis E virus infection scenarios, please state your management options:

An uncomplicated acute HEV infection in the immunocompetent

A

No specific management for patient

Pregnancy test is female - high risk liver failure if genotypes 1/2 acquired abroad

IPC - check if food handler. May need tested for clearance

monitor for extra-hepatic manifestations

screen for HBV/ HCV ensure not at high risk of liver failure due to pre-existing liver disease

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7
Q

For the following four clinical hepatitis E virus infection scenarios, please state your management options:

First therapeutic step in management of chronic HEV infection in liver transplant recipient

A

reduction of immunosuppression

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8
Q

For the following four clinical hepatitis E virus infection scenarios, please state your management options:

Specific antiviral treatment following unsuccessful Scenario 7 option

A

3 month course of ribavirin
600mg-1000mg per day depending on weight/ renal function

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9
Q

For the following four clinical hepatitis E virus infection scenarios, please state your management options:

What other therapeutic options are there if the treatment in scenario 8 fails?

A

6 month course ribavirin

Pegylated interferon for 3 months in liver-transplant patients. Contra-indicated in other organ transplants

liver transplant

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10
Q

What are common extra-hepatic manifestations of HEV?

A

The commonest neurological manifestations reported are
Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS), neuralgic amyotrophy and encephalitis/myelitis.

A distinctive bilateral form of neuralgic amyotrophy is suggested to be a specific clinical phenotype associated with HEV infection

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11
Q

HEV infection in a food handler

What IPC recommendations would you make?

A

Not much evidence for this.

14 days after onset of jaundice for HEV

7 days after onset of jaundice for HAV

For hepatitis E, the incubation period following exposure to the hepatitis E virus ranges from 3 – 8 weeks, with a mean of 40 days. The period of communicability is unknown but virus excretion in stools has been demonstrated up to 14 days after the onset of jaundice. Transmission of the virus via blood is extremely unlikely.

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11
Q

9a Name the virus family shown in 9A [1 mark]
Candidates will see a black and white electron micrograph with scale

9b Name 6 body organs or systems that typically could be infected with virus 9A and
name one illness for that organ or system [3 marks]

9c Describe the morphology of the virus shown here [1 mark]
Candidates will see a black and white electron micrograph with scale

9d Which human virus typically shows this morphology in electron micrograph? [1 mark]

9e Which virus family typically shows this morphology? [1 mark]
Candidates will see a black and white electron micrograph with scale

9f What type of nucleic acid genome does this virus possess? [1 mark]

9g Which virus family typically shows this morphology? [1 mark]
Candidates will see a black and white electron micrograph with scale

9h Describe the morphology of virus here [1 mark]

A

9a to 9c - Adenovirus questions?

adenovirus -
icosaehdral structure
fiber projections
non-enveloped

Others unknown - practice EM

Adenoviridae

Morphology types -
spherical - HIV, influenza, covid
icosahedral - adenovirus,HSV, parvoviridae
complex - bacteriophage

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12
Q

What are risk factors for severe congenital CMV?

A

primary CMV infection in pregnancy

infection occurring earlier in pregnancy - <20 weeks

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13
Q

When is symptomatic congenital CMV likely to present clinically?

A

failed hearing test

can present at birth with sepsis like picture, jaundice, rash, pneumonia, seizures

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14
Q

Name 6 common manifestations of symptomatic congenital CMV

A

Symmetrical IUGR (birth weight <-2SD for gestational age)
Microcephaly (head circumference <-2SD for gestational age)

Blueberry muffin rash
Petechiae or purpura

Hepato or splenomegaly
Prolonged jaundice or conjugated hyperbilirubinaemia

Chorioretinitis
Congenital cataracts

Colitis or atypical necrotising enterocolitis
Pneumonitis
Sepsis like syndrome, especially if non-responsive to antibiotics

ventriculomegaly/intracranial calcification
Seizures

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15
Q

What are antiviral options for congenital CMV?

A

Ganciclovir/ valganciclovir first line, and only ones with evidence

Cidofovir/ Foscarnet have evidence in drug resistant CMV, but not cCMV

CMV immunoglobulin has shown no benefit in reducing cCMV in mothers who are shown to have primary CMV infection

16
Q

What are side effects of ganciclovir treatment for cCMV?

A

Ganciclovir (GCV), and less frequently Valganciclovir,is associated with bone marrow suppression. Side effects
include; neutropenia, anaemia, thrombocytopenia and less commonly raised liver enzymes, urea and
creatinine. Reported symptoms in adults include mood changes, confusion, rash, tiredness, tremor, abdominal
pain, diarrhoea and vomiting. These appear very uncommon in infants

17
Q

Started ganciclovir for cCMV. Concerns of blood counts

When do you stop treatment?

A

If the neutrophil count drops to less than 0.2 cease until count recovers to more than 0. 5

If the neutrophil count drops to between 0.2 and 0.5 then recheck weekly and consider stopping if persistent.

If the platelet count drops to less than 50 then stop until the platelet count returns to more than 50

Changes in renal function with rising creatinine should be discussed with Pharmacy/Paediatric IMPS team
and consideration given to changing to once daily dosing.

18
Q

Started ganciclovir for cCMV. Concerns of blood counts

How often should FBC/UE/LFTs be checked?

A

FBC, UEs, LFTs

weekly for 6 weeks
then at 8 weeks
then monthly

do more frequently if concerns

19
Q

Started ganciclovir for cCMV.
Baby otherwise well

When should a CMV blood viral load be checked?

A

at diagnosis

2 weeks after treatment

20
Q

Started ganciclovir for cCMV.

when should drug levels be checked?

A

one test at end of first week of treatment

further testing only if indicated as advised by Paediatric ID.

IV ganciclovir - peak 1 hour after infusion, trough 30mins before infusion

oral ganciclovir - peak 2 hours after administration, trough 30 mins before administration

If patient is receiving IV Ganciclovir, peak level should be taken one (1) hour after end of infusion in
clotted serum bottles. (levels 7 to 9 mg/L) and a trough level taken 30 minutes pre-morning dose
(trough level less than 2 mg/L).

o If patient is receiving oral Valganciclovir, peak level should be taken two (2) hours after administration
in clotted serum bottles. (peak level 5 to 7 mg/L). and trough level taken 30 minutes pre-morning dose
(trough level less than 2 mg/L).

21
Q

What are appropriate drug levels for ganciclovir and valganciclovir?

A

Ganciclovir
peak 7 to 9 mg/L
trough less than 2 mg/L

Valganciclovir
peak 5 to 7 mg/L
trough less than 2 mg/L

22
Q

You have been called by one of the infection control nurses regarding a perceived
increase in incidence of diarrhoea on the paediatric primary immunodeficiency and bone
marrow transplant ward.

The ward consists of 8 positive pressure cubicles with airlocks.
All patients are significantly immunosuppressed.

Five of the patients and 1 staff member are currently reported to have diarrhoea.
Faeces samples are received and tested using a multiplex PCR covering norovirus,
sapovirus, astrovirus, rotavirus and adenovirus

You will see images of viruses either RNA or DNA

A

Make sure to know what viruses look like under EM

23
Q

You have been called by one of the infection control nurses regarding a perceived
increase in incidence of diarrhoea on the paediatric primary immunodeficiency and bone
marrow transplant ward.

The ward consists of 8 positive pressure cubicles with airlocks.
All patients are significantly immunosuppressed.

Five of the patients and 1 staff member are currently reported to have diarrhoea.
Faeces samples are received and tested using a multiplex PCR covering norovirus,
sapovirus, astrovirus, rotavirus and adenovirus

Patient has no diarrhoea, but has RNA virus present in stool sample

What further tests would you consider?

A

3 month old - could be rotavirus vaccine at 8 and 12 weeks.
Check history
Rotavirus VP4/ VP7 typing

make sure no contamination from other viruses - unclear why patient tested if no diarrhoea

enterovirus/ parechovirus?
Maybe patient has pneumonia/ URTI/ meningitis from viral infection

24
You have been called by one of the infection control nurses regarding a perceived increase in incidence of diarrhoea on the paediatric primary immunodeficiency and bone marrow transplant ward. The ward consists of 8 positive pressure cubicles with airlocks. All patients are significantly immunosuppressed. Five of the patients and 1 staff member are currently reported to have diarrhoea. Faeces samples are received and tested using a multiplex PCR covering norovirus, sapovirus, astrovirus, rotavirus and adenovirus Patient has no diarrhoea, but has DNA virus present in stool sample What further tests would you consider?
Adenovirus probable as panel includes this. Check blood viral load, nose/throat swab, eye swab, and LP if indicated Check LFTs for hepatitis Check UE if want to give cidofovir CMV? consider blood viral load
25
https://www.rcpath.org/static/80d54920-b6e2-45aa-bdb6c34026e99179/Part-2-Virology-sample-questions.pdf You have been called by one of the infection control nurses regarding a perceived increase in incidence of diarrhoea on the paediatric primary immunodeficiency and bone marrow transplant ward. The ward consists of 8 positive pressure cubicles with airlocks. All patients are significantly immunosuppressed. Five of the patients and 1 staff member are currently reported to have diarrhoea. Faeces samples are received and tested using a multiplex PCR covering norovirus, sapovirus, astrovirus, rotavirus and adenovirus Comment on the likelihood that these results reflect a virus outbreak on the ward and how this might be further investigated
outbreak definition - 2 or more patients with diarrhoea/ vomiting, linked in time and place usually 72 hours tiemframe not explained by medications/ other diagnosis unclear answer - no two patients have RNA viruses which overlap so probably no outbreak. But staff member may need repeat test if suspected outbreak - isolate patients/ stop admissions appoint nurses to specific patients stool charts hand hygiene contact precautions waste disposal cleaning afterwards virus typing norovirus - genogroup and genotyping rotavirus - genotyping with VP4 and VP7
26
You have been called by one of the infection control nurses regarding a perceived increase in incidence of diarrhoea on the paediatric primary immunodeficiency and bone marrow transplant ward. The ward consists of 8 positive pressure cubicles with airlocks. All patients are significantly immunosuppressed. Five of the patients and 1 staff member are currently reported to have diarrhoea. Faeces samples are received and tested using a multiplex PCR covering norovirus, sapovirus, astrovirus, rotavirus and adenovirus How do they differ in structure?
astrovirus- sSRNA, non-enveloped norovirus - ssRNA, non-enveloped rotavirus - dsRNA, non-enveloped sapovirus - ssRNA, non-enveloped adenovirus - dsDNA linear, non-enveloped