Queen, government and changing religious ideas Flashcards
Define jesuits
Dedicated to serving the Pope
Define recusants
Those who refused to attend church
Catholicism 1570’s- why were catholics exploded to fines during this period
By the pope forbidding catholics from attending church and either to choose loyalty to him or the Queen, they were exposed to fines.
Catholicism 1570’s- why weren’t foreign attacks popular
foreign attacks weren’t popular because they saw the difference between Elizabeth being head of the church and their rightful monarch.
Most landowners were happy with the stability of her reign, social stability was much preferable to anarchy
When did the missionary priest arrive and where from?
Mid-70’s, from Douai in the Netherlands
Describe missionary priests
Founded by William Allen
They were trained as priests for England.
By 1590 there were over 100.
They moved in secret living with catholic families
Catholicism in the 1st decade- what punishments were given to those who who didn’t attend church or performing mass?
Fines and confiscation of land
Imprisonment
These penalties were deliberately severe but not harsh.
Catholicism in the 1st decade- was Catholicism strongly supported?
No, it appeared that Catholicism had little support, few parish priest refused the Oath of supremacy
What evidence is there that Elizabeth was cautious in her policies
Fines for non-attendance weren’t collected.
Many clergy in the 1560’s led worship that contained traces of Catholicism.
Many priests saying mass weren’t executed until 1577
No one was asked a second time to swear an oath therefore there was no death penalty
When did the Pope instruct English English catholics not to attend Anglican Church services?
1567
When did Philip II send troops to the Netherlands to stop a rebellion against catholics
1567
10,000
When did MQS arrive in England
1568
When was the seminary training college for priests in Netherlands made?
1568
When did the pope excommunicate Elizabeth? Add more detail
1570, he declared all catholics free of their loyalty to the Queen. Any catholics obeying her would also incur excommunication. He encouraged home and abroad to oppose her.
When did catholics in France slaughter Protestants during St Bartholomew day celebration?
1572
Why did Elizabeth fear that France would turn the attention to Hersey in England?
Because of the slaughtering of Protestants during St Bartholomew day
When was the treason act? Give more info
1571, it made the denial of Elizabethan supremacy or the importation of the Popes order of excommunication
In 1603 how much of the population was estimated to be catholic sympathies, and how many were recusants
10% catholic sympathises
2% were active recusants
Reactions to the catholic threat 1580s-90s- when did the seminary priests become a threat and why?
Late 1570’s
With the relations with Spain and MQS several priests were excited for denying royal supremacy
Reactions to the catholic threat 1580s-90s- Why were the jesuits seen as more dangerous?
They were seen as fanatics
1580-1590- When was the Act of ‘to retain the Queen’s majesty subjects in their due obedience’ and what did it mean?
1581
Saying mass was a fine with 200 Marks and a years imprisonment. Failure to attend church incurred a £20 month fine (sums ordinary people couldn’t afford)
1580-1590- When was the act ‘against jesuits seminary priests and other disobedient persons’ and what was it
1585
Catholic priests were to leave the country within 40 days
1580-1590- How many catholic priests were executed under the act ‘against jesuits, seminary priests and other disobedient persons?
150
1580-1590- why did the catholics become less of a threat
With the combination of harsh laws and the wish for most catholics to remain loyal subjects of the crown
Was Elizabeth’s cautious policies successful?
No
Mass was still practised in secret
Among ordinary people Catholicism appears to have less support
The jesuits and seminary priests clashed in regard of Spain invading
Yes
There was little enthusiasm for plots against Elizabeth
Catholicism was surviving in the 1590’s often based on gentry households and few nobility
Who were the puritans?
Hardline Protestants who found it difficult to accept the settlement because the restored Church of England was traditional in its structure and rituals. Puritans wanted to purify the church of its papal elements
What did puritans particularly oppose?
The survival of bishops because they argued that it was an invention of the pope to maintain his power
They also found whilst examining the bible, that the signing of the cross during baptism and wearing clerical vestments had no scriptural authority
What form of worship characterised the Puritan tendency
Hardline strand against Catholicism within the church, together with a desire to create a simpler, more biblical form of worship, characterised the Puritan workship
Describe the 3 different strains of Puritan
Moderate Puritan- reluctantly accepted the structure of the church and pressed for reforms along the lines of European churches
Presbyterian- called for a thorough reforms of the structure of the church
separatists- broke away from the national church to peruse its own radical Protestant reformation
Describe the early stages of Puritanisms
1559
1563
1566
Puritan elements in society began to voice its concern at the nature of the church settlement in 1559.
Complaints that the settlement was too catholic was demoted in discussions in church parliament about the 39 article 1563
And in the vestiarian controversy
What was the vestiarian controversy?o
Vestments were the special clothes worn by the clergy during services.
As part of the act of uniformity, Elizabeth wrote to Archbishop of Canterbury 1565 reminding him of the need to ensure that all clergy were following the religious practices.
In 1566 archbishop issued the book of advertisement which set out what was expected.
In London 37 clergy men refused and were suspended.
The controversy rumbled on with no conclusion and no explicit support from the Queen who had no wish to provoke enemies
When and who bought the radical dimension of Puritanism to national and royal level?
1570, professor at Cambridge uni.
In his lectures Cartwright argues for the abolition of bishops and called for a form of church Gov based on Calvinism.
Describe the Calvinist idea of a church structure known as a Presbyterian model
Control to be exercised by the minister of each church, helped by respected elders
This church was said to be closer to the form of organisation justified in the Bible
What was Elizabeth’s reaction to the lectures and why?
Open horror
Because the Presbyterian system involved abolishing bishops and left very little room for ‘supreme governor’
Presbyterianism was a threat because in Scotland…
MQS had been overthrown in 1560’s where Presbyterianism had been introduced
What did Cartwright lectures result in?
He had little influence but the matter was debated in parliament which resulted in the 39 articles 1563 being formally approved which meant clergy had to accept these articles.
When was admonitions published and what was it about?
1572, it argues that a Presbyterian structure was the only sanctioned by the bible
what were the main reasons for the survival of the church by 1603
the 1559 settlement created religious and political stability.
peer pressure- attendence at church was made compulsory from 1559. in small villiages those who didnt attend church would be isolated
catholicism was degraded with its association with rebellions against rightful monarch
who was robert hooker and why did he say the church survived
he wrote the laws of eccleslastical policy 1593
he said the church survived because he accepted that the church was a compromise
how did eliz create her image at court
she needed to promote herself as strong with perfect health
she toned down the extravagance at court to save money and portray herself as careful.
everyday a poorman at the palace gates was given 5 pence
courtly rituals were designed to portray eliz as the provider of honours and glory
dances and staged masques portrayed her as peaceful and plenty
the standard image of the queen appeared in all photos, even as her hair began to grow thin and her teeth fall out
the reluctance to commit herself to marriage was turned into positive propaganda
she deliberately created a masculine persona to command people but also used the fact she was a women to charm them
what was the court
was the hub of social and political life. it incorporated the privy council and chamber.
to achieve social status and future titles, royal officals had to attend court to secure royal permissions for their actions
who was robert dudley
(that guy that she rlly liked) earl of Leicester he led the more radical group of politicans, he supported defeating catholicism and grew fusrtated at the Queens moderate policies. didnt like cecil occasionally argued with the Queen
what was the system of patronage
eliz was aware that she needed to gain and retain the loyalty of her subjects, this was partly achieved by granting favours carefully so that goodwill was maintained and few would lend their support to her enemies
eliz saw the danger of being too liberal with patronages, they were valued more if not given too freely
gives some examples of patronages
grant of office
grant of pensions
grants of land
grants of monopolies
what does monopoly mean
having the sole legal right to make or import commodities
what was elizs involvement in the arts
her reign coincided with flowering of the arts, she as keen to support this
she was a skilled musican and spent lavishly on music and encourages composers
what was eliz involvement in education
renaissance thinking and writing flourished
printing continued to increase, the extent of influence depended on your ability to read
many could read but not write
fewer than 20% could sign their own name
there was more opportunities to learn to read in eliz reign
give evidence of factional rivalries in eliz reign
cecil vs earl of leicester- cecil held the most influence at court, he controlled patronages and policies. leicester didnt like cecil. leicester discouraged the marriage and urged for military intervention to support protestant rebels however cecil wanted to avoid war at all costs. leicester was favoured by the Queen
eliz vs council- over her decison to marry archduke charles, leicester tried to prevent this eliz rejects charles 1567
eliz vs council- on her decison to meet MQS, she didnt go
cecil&bacon vs leicester&arundel- c&b wanted to establish foreign alliance with protestant whereas l&a favoured an agreement with MQA and france
eliz vs council- council wanted eliz to sign MQS death warrent, eliz reluctantly signs it
what three main reasons did eliz call parliment
To help pass ACTS OF PARLIAMENT laws which were approved by both house of parliament and the monarch.
To approve taxes, which could only be collected if parliament agreed to them?
To provide her with support and advice
what evidence is there that there was conflict between eliz and parliament 6
- by 1600s over half the MPS had uni degrees which meant they could argue more strongly against the crown
- 1566 MPS argued eliz over discussion of the succesion
- 1563-66 ‘puritan party’ of about 40 MPS wanted to take the church further away from catholicism
- 1576 peter wentworth was imprisoned for demanding greater freedom of speech
- 1601 parliament crashed on the issues of monolpolies
- MPS successfully refused to grant her additional taxes for war against spain
what evidence is there that there wasnt conflict between eliz and parliament 6
- only 13 parliaments were summonded and each sat for short periods
- eliz ruled through privy council without the need for parliamentry legalisations
- eliz refused all attempts made by gov for her to marry
- the puritain party was less united and powerful than suggested. it failed to bring about change
- although wentworth argued for freedom of speech he dindt have much suspport
- eliz summoned parliament for money regularly and almost every occasion she received it
describe the privy council in eliz reign
all their power deprived from the monarch
eliz reduced the size to 20 to make it easier to handle and reduce the power of the nobility
during 1590 when england was at war with spain and facing econmoic difficulties, the council met 6 times a week rather than 3
what were the 4 main functions of the privy council
to adivse the queen
coordinate the work of different elements of gov
royal court of law
administered public policy
why did the variety of privy councillors work increase
they were engaged in petitions, the request of help from individuals. wealthy individuals approched the council rather than rely on the legal system
what was the significance of the privy council
this was still an age of personal monarchy, where by the queen was expected to take important decisions and have a final say.
in some policies (succession, netherlands and MQS) the council was unable to exert much pressure on eliz. however well argued points could sway her
what was a lord lieutenant
they were a local offical, they were respoonsible fo raising local militias during henry VIII reign.
during eliz reign they acquried additional roles- they were appointed in almost county.
they managed the raising of troops and supervised JPS and reported local events to the privy council
When does we stop referring to Cecil as Cecil and refer to him as lord burghley
1572 when he becomes lord treasurer
Describe whitgifts attack on Presbyterianism during 1580’s
1580s saw the purging from the church of its Presbyterian elements.
Whitgift was appointed after grindal died, he shared the same views as eliz and had no sympathy with the puritans and was determined to enforce uniformity.
He issued the 3 articles which forced all ministers to swear an oath of acceptance to bishop, prayer book and 39 articles.
The result was uproar and 300 ministers were suspended.
Letters of complaints enabled many to be reinstated, however strict control enforced an end to Presbyterian practises
Define prophesying
Organised gatherings of clergymen at which young preachers could practise their art and receive advise
They didn’t show influence of Presbyterian on the structure of the church, they empathised education the clergy
Was prophesying supported
They had full support from local bishops
Those opposing the meetings argued that the Puritan clergy were able to increase the number of competent preachers at their disposal and get around the right licensing laws
Eliz ordered Archbishop of Canterbury (grindal) to suppress prophesying but he decided they weren’t a threat.
Why did the disputes from Puritan group quieten down
Events like the massacre of st Bartholomew day, the threats from Spain and France meant the disputes quietened down
Define the separatist movement
Other reformers
Why is evidence of separatists difficult to find
What is the best documented separatists
It is difficult to find because it was illegal
BROWNIST- 1580 an inpatient reformer called Browne established a separatist group. He argued that the cherub was corrupt by catholic traces. True Christians should leave in favour of separatists
