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conflict and exploration Flashcards

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1
Q

what 4 rebellions was MQS involved in, give the date

A

the northern rebellion 1569
the ridolfi plot- 1571
throckmorton plot- 1583-84
babington plot- 1586

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2
Q

describe the northern rebellion

A

1569
began as a conspiracy a court to mary duke of norfolk and MQS, proclaim her to the english throne to overthrow eliz and cecil to restore catholicism
the spanish ambassado, De Spes was involved
the plan was supported by earl of leicester, however he later surrendered to eliz and confessed everything, norfolk fled from court
northern earls marched south but were defeated by eliz army
800 people were hung

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3
Q

why was the northern rebellion significant

A

eliz and gov realised they had to take the threat of MQS seriously

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4
Q

describe the ridolfi plot

A

1571
robert ridolfi, who was involved in the northern rebellion led this plot to replace eliz with MQS. the pope, the duke of norfolk and philip II
cecil gathered info through informers and toture, therefore the leaders were arrested and norfolk sentenced to death
the spainish ambassador was expelled from england

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5
Q

why was the ridolfi plot significant

A

because eliz still didnt give in to MQS death

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6
Q

describe the throckmorton plot

A

1583-84
plot to get rid of eliz, to be backed by Spanish and Papal money
throckmorton, a catholic, acted as a intermediary between spanish ambassador menzoda and MQS
menzoda was tortured and revealed details of the plot, menzoda was expelled

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7
Q

describe the babington plot

A

1586
MQS was writing to Babington about escaping, this was uncovered by secret agents.
the conspirators were arrested and MQS found guilty

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8
Q

why was the babington plot significant

A

because eliz was still reluctant to execute MQS. for several months she avoided making a decision.
she was careful not to support harsh treatment of a fellow female monarch
also politically eliz was a useful devise against france with links to Mary of Gruise

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9
Q

when and why did eliz find it neccesary to sign MQS death warrant

A

since 1570s catholics had been using MQS to plot against eliz, however it wasnt until MQS direct involvement did eliz sign the death warrent
1587

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10
Q

describe the build up to MQS execution and after it

A

eliz signed the death warrent but wouldnt let it be put into action, however Davidson released the warrent and MQS was executed.
eliz was furious, the privy council was blamed and Davidson put in the tower of london
eliz’s rage blew over, she released Davidson and the council was restored
she wrote to James VI protesting her innocence over the death of his mother

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11
Q

overall how much of a threat had MQS been?

A

the amount of plots suggest that she was a threat, her catholicism meant she was always going to be supported by the pope and philip II therefore whilst she was alive she was a constant threat
the execution of MQS gave Philip II a motive however in reality the threat from abroad was no worse than it had been

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12
Q

who were the 2 separate spanish ambassadors

A

De Spes

Menzoda

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13
Q

between 1558-88 what did england and spanish relations deteriorate

A

execution of MQS
eliz excommunication
the netherlands

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14
Q

before 1555 who was the leader of spain

A

charles V

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15
Q

why was it a poor decision for Philip II to inherit the netherlands from his father charles V in 1555

A

spain and the netherlands were far apart from eachother
shared different cultural values- nobles were used to independence and wouldnt cope with philips bureaucratic gov)
philip was a staunch catholic but netherlands had growing calvanism

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16
Q

why when and who did philip send to netherlands

A

1567
decade of civil war, he wanted to restore order
duke of alba and 10,000 troops

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17
Q

why did eliz get involved with the netherlands and didnt want philip taking full control

A

the netherlands had economic and strategic importance
E much of the exploration of cloth was organised through ports in the netherlands (antwerp)
S english security depended on ensuring that no powerful countries controllled the coastlines across the channel
therefore it was important that when rebellion broke up, spain couldnt recover control

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18
Q

what unoffical support did eliz do little to discourage

A

she allowed rebel ships to stay in english ports

english pirates disrupting supplies being transported to Albas army

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19
Q

who discouraged the war against spain in the privy council and why

A

‘peace party’ because they felt that war against spain was beyond englands capabilites

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20
Q

who favoured military interventions in the privy council

A

leicester and walsingham

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21
Q

when did philip protest over eliz supporting huguenots

A

1562

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22
Q

hen did philip ban imports of english cloth to the netherlands

A

1563

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23
Q

when was the spanish ambassador De Spes expelled

A

1568

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24
Q

when eliz excommunicated

A

1570

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25
Q

when was the anglo-french defensive alliance

A

1572

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26
Q

when did eliz begin funding the netherland rebels

A

1585

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27
Q

when was menzoda expelled

A

1583

28
Q

when was the treaty of jounville and what was it

A

1584 between french catholics and spain,because the new heir to the throne was a huguenot

29
Q

when was the treaty of nonsuch and what was it

A

1585 openly declared that eliz would support to netherland rebels, she would provide 5000 troops in return of flushing and brill and the title of ‘protector of the netherlands’

30
Q

what events suggested that the revolt in the netherlands was coming to a close

A

willian ‘the silent’ was killed 1584, he was key leader for the netherland revolt
duke of parama was gaining more control from the protestant

31
Q

what happened in france that deprived england of an ally against spain

A

duke of alencon died, which also pushed french catholics into an alliance with spain because the new heir to the throne was a huguenot (treaty of jounville)

32
Q

why was the treaty of nunsuch significant

A

eliz was publically defying spain and inviting them to war

33
Q

describe the plan for the first armada, include why it wass flawed from the beginning

A

1588
spainish plan was to depart from spain and collect additional troops from netherlands. however this plan was flawed from the beginning because;
-england would be able to hear the invasion and therefore prepare for it.
- the geographical facts meant that the dutch ports were too shallow which makes boarding impossible
-winds in the channel would made sailing impossible
- the fleet was poorly led by duke of medina sidonia
-philip had high hopes that eliz would see over reason over the netherlands

34
Q

who led the first armarda

A

duke medina sidonia

35
Q

how was the first armarda defeated and what is this also known as

A

the westerly winds allowed longrange guns to batter the fleet and when the fleet tried to seek refuge along french coastline english ships burned and shattered the fleet
the duke took the remaining fleet on a sucidial misson home
battle of gravelines

36
Q

how many spanish ships returned to spain

A

fewer than half

37
Q

how was the armarda portrayed in england

A

the defeat of the armarda was hailed as a magnificent english victory, it indicated the gods approval of eliz’s gov and the Anglican church

38
Q

what did eliz do to as a counter attack to the armarda

A

she sent drake to Portugal 1589 with 15000 men and 130 ships

39
Q

was the counter attack to Portugal successful

A

no, no Portuguese in their favour so they withdrew

many men died through disease

40
Q

why was the increased attacks on bullion ships not effective

A

the Spanish developed a convoy system

41
Q

when did Henry IV come to the throne

A

1589, he was a potential ally

42
Q

when did the duke of parma invade france? what was englands reponse and was it effective

A

1590

1992 troops led by earl of essex, he achieved nothing

43
Q

in 1593 how did Henry IV stop civil war?

A

he declared himself catholic

44
Q

when was the second armarda, descibe it

A

1596, intended to invade via ireland, this was battered by a storm. philip became bankrupt

45
Q

when was the third armarda, describe it

A

1597, failed due to weather

46
Q

what was the treaty of vervins and when was it

A

1598

it was a peace treaty between france and spain

47
Q

when was the final armarda, describe it

A

1601

the spainish invades ireland but were defeated by troops

48
Q

when was a pece treaty signed between spain and england

A

1604

49
Q

when did the dutch rebels gain independence

A

1609

50
Q

assess eliz foreign policy

A

success- the spanish never invaded
unsuccessful- the war was expensive. the loss of trade with spain partly caused the depression of the 1590’s, therefore crown lands were sold which in the short-term allowed eliz to avoid bankrupcy, however deprived later monarchs of regular income

51
Q

why is 1590’s described as the most miserable years of the century regarding economic and social issues

A

economic- england experienced a significantt crop failure, one solution was to push up agriculture prices. it is estimated that prices rose by over a 1/3
social- outbreaks of plague, who severity was worsened by lack of food. parish registers for 1590 show many entries for burials and few for marriage

52
Q

how did the poor laws of 1598-1601 reflect the economic and social issues

A

they reflected the scale of the problem for the poor

53
Q

what was the situation in ireland like (dont describe the rebellion)

A

real english control was limited, clans held the real control.
there had been successful attempts to regain control because strategically ireland was important
however ireland clans remained loyal to Catholicism

54
Q

what was the rebellions towards the end of eliz reign

A

hugh O’neills

essex rebellion

55
Q

describe the hugh o’neill rebellion

A

‘the most serious challenge within ireland’
rebel leader was Tyrone
he had an army of 6,000 who defeated the smaller english forces at the Battle of yellow ford
tyrone had links with spain who promised to double his forces
eliz sent over forces led by the earl of essex 1592 but he achieved nothing and lost his position at court
essex’s replacement, Mountjoy, defeated the rebellion

56
Q

describe the essex rebellion

A

essex wanted military action but eliz favoured Lord Burghley’s peace treaty, this angered him.
after loosing his position at court he intended to remove noble families and recognise James VI as heir.
he failed due to lack of supporters and was executed. the few who did support essex werent put on trial

57
Q

why was the essex rebellion significant

A

because it represented that during eliz final years she failed to maintain loyalty

58
Q

describe the succession

A

eliz refused to name her successor because otherwise her subjects would drift from her to James VI
by feb 1603 eliz was seriously ill, lord burghley tried to ensure that the succession would occur peacefully
eliz confirmed that James VI would be the successor

59
Q

what was the tudor legacy? did they leave england politically stabled and strengthend?

A

a real issue in 1603 is that rapid religious, social and cultural change had taken place without a similar reaction from parliament
under eliz the country had a capable monarch whos character was sufficient to hold the political system
james was left with a strong monarchy, stable society. at the same time he had expensive war, political tensions and financial problems

60
Q

what exploration involvements were there and when were they

A

north-east passage 1553, 2nd voyage 1555

north-west passage 1576/7/8 and 1585/7

61
Q

describe the north-east passage

A

1st voyage willoughby and chancellor sailed NE but got blocked by ice. however this did start trade with russia and created the milscory company
2nd voyage they both died

62
Q

what was a significant success of the development of the milscory company

A

it helped break up the Hanseatic league

63
Q

describe the north-west passage

A

frobisher sailed west of Canada and thought he had found china, however he was wrong
drake was also interested in discovering china, he failed too
davis made contributions to the mapping of the artic

64
Q

describe africa and slave trade with the west indies, 1562, 1564 and 1567

A

1562 hawkins went to africa with trinkets and cloth to sell. he captured locals as slaves and went to the west indies. in return he bought home sugar and money.
1564 cecil and leicester and the queen (secretly) funded a 2nd expedition, philip warned them about pirating due to the success of the 2nd voyage
1567 hawkins sailed again with eliz supplying the ship, the voyage failed and hawkins just escaped capture by the Spanish

65
Q

what dented spains reputation on the seas in 1577-80

A

drakes epic voyage around the world. he raided spanish america and captured cargos of silver

66
Q

describe trade with india
1591
1600

A

the Portuguese empire in india was weakly defended and could be infiltrated. however this didnt achieve much.
1591 leicester sucessfully captured 2 portugese ships
1600 the west indies company was created in which india was the jewel in the crown of the british

67
Q

what interested english colonisation

A

the success of the Spanish colonies
the book by richard hakluyt who wrote about english expansion
humphrey gilbert was interested in establishing colonies in america for tradng purposes, the queen granted him right to any land, however he was unsuccessful
it wasnt until the reign of James that colonies were successfully established

History Tudor (9 decks)

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