Henry VII Flashcards
where did Henry’s claim lay through?
his claim lay through his mother, however this was a weak claim.
through deaths in the battle of the roses he unexpectedly became the main Lancaster to the throne
he won the crown through right of conquest
what battle was Henry involved in 1485, describe it
battle of bosworth
henry invaded england with an army of french and english soldiers
he was supported by rhys ab thomas in whales
richard III arrived before henry and got a better position
richard was killed and henry proclaimed king
what 4 ways did Henry improve finances?
took control of finance in 1487 from the treasury and exchequer in creating the privy chamber
he avoided foreign wars
exploited legal rights of nobles
created the star chamber act 1487
what was the star chamber act?
The Star Chamber was an instrument of the monarch and consisted of royal councillors and two royal judges. The jurisdiction of the court was based on the royal prerogative of administering justice in cases not remediable in the regular courts of law. it was set up to deal with rebels
what 5 ways did henry establish his right to the throne?
married elizabeth of york which symbolised an end to the conflict between yorks and lancastarians
he was crowned king which signified church and notabilities approval
coronation was before his marriage so no one could say he wass king through his wife (october 1485)
summoned parliament Nov in which he granted justice and favours which proved his power
supported were rewarded and richard supporters were traitors
what 5 ways did henry improve royal gov
attainders patronage attacks on retaining finanical control local and regional gov
describe attainders
Henry VII attainted 138 men, of whom he reversed only 46 attainders
Once attainted, the descendants of the noble could no longer inherit his lands or income (punishment)
Importantly, attainders were reversible and were thus used by Henry VII as a sanction for good behavior.
describe patronage
the giving of positions of power; titles and land (reward)
describe attacks on retaining
Retaining was the long-held noble practice of recruiting gentry followers. Lords would recruit those of low social status to fight for them if necessary
however, there was a chance that nobleman could become more powerful than the King They were viewed by Henry as a threat to his own power as King
The Lords and Commons had to swear in the 1485 Parliament that they would not retain illegally. Then in 1504 proclamations ensured that nobles had to obtain licenses to retain. They had to be obtained from the King in person and are another indication of how Henry’s policies relied on his personal input
describe finanical control
bonds were written agreements in which people promised to pay a sum of money if they failed to carry out their promise
what was the council learned in law?
it enforced payments of debts
how did henry improve local and regional gov
through the use of JPs
JP’s were responsible for the maintenance of public order in their area of jurisdiction. They were also responsible for executing legislation that had been introduced in London
average number per county was 18
what 2 key rebellions occurred in henrys reign
lambert simnel 1487
perkin warbeck 1491-99
describe the events revolving lambert simnel
richard symonds taught him to claim he was richard duke of york
he went to ireland (yorkist central)
he was then taught to be earl of warwick (who was in the tower of london)
henry therefore paraded the real earl of warwick
margret of burgundy supported him with 2000 soldiers
they invaded 1487 but was defeated
simnel was spared and offered work and richard symonds arrested
describe the events revolving perkin warbeck
he claimed to be richaed of york
charles VIII welcomed him to paris
1492 henry and charles made peace, therefore warbeck was sent to margret of burgundy in the HRB
warbeck failed to arouse support in kent 1495
he went to James in scotland who invaded england 1497 but failed
henry offered james a truce and werbeck confessed and was allowed to stay at court
in 1498 he tried to run awau so was locked in the tower of london with simnel, they both tried to run away so were executed 1499
what was henry’s aims of foreign policy
gain acceptance from other monarchs
get credability at home
and seek assistance from other countries
when and what was the treaty of medina del campo
a treaty with spain in which an agreement was made not to make agreements with france without consulting eachother first
what strengthened the treaty betweeen france and spain?
prince auther was to marry the daughter of the spainish monarch
this cemented anglo-spanish agreements which lasted until eliz reign
what was the breton crisis and when was it
1488-92
france tried to absorb brittany
henry didnt wasnt to rush towards war because of pretenders and money.
instead he made negotiations with france whilst secretly sending troops
when this failed he tried to gain support from spain ( medina del campo), the pope and the netherlands.
parliament was summed to make a grant of 100,000 to finance 3000/6000 men
he crossed the channel in 1492 and made it clear he was acting in defence of brittany
france got angry and sent troops to brittany
henry therefore sent 12,000 troops gambling that france didnt want conflict
france took an interest in the italian pensinsula therefore under the treaty of etapes henry removed his army in return of 745,000 crowns and an agreement with louis XIII not to support henrys enemies
give advantages and disadvantages of breton crisis
friendship with france, brief military intervention, payments and not supporting pretenders
english armies didnt actually win and brittany would be reabsorbed 1532
describe foreign policy with scotland
relations were tense. to preserve their independence they looked to france for support. henry was concerned if James didnt accept him as king thered be support where yorkist still held power
he arranged a truce 1486 but was ruined by James death and the succession of 15 y/o James IV
the regents of james showed hostility by habouring warbeck
relations were improved with the truce of ayton 1497 which developed into a peace treaty 1502
henrys daughter margret married James IV 1503
describe treaty of etaples
1492 between france and england, england removed troops from brittany in return of brittany and 745.000 crowns and the promise not to support enemies
describe truce of ayton
1497 with Scotland
developed into a peace treaty 1502
describe the Castilian crisis
isabella died 1504, ferdinands first priority was to become regent on behalf of isabellas daughter (joanna) who was married to philip duke of burgundy
henry showed his support for burgundy by suggesting a burgundian bride for his son- this was incase of aggression from france, burgundy was a potential ally.
this angered ferdinand who retaliated by marrying Louis XII’s niece
philip died 1506 which allowed ferdinand to declare himself king of castile in succesion of his dead wife
henry thought the best reponse was to isolate ferdinand through marriage arrangments with france
however everything changed 1508 with the creation of the league of cambrai in which ferdinand, louis and charles and the pope came together against the intalian pensula, england was left out but not considered an enemy
what was the league of cambrai
1508 in which ferdinand, louis and charles and the pope came together against the intalian pensula, england was left out but not considered an enemy
what does englands exploration and trade suggest about henry
he was an opportunists therefore his actions were inconstant and follow no pattern
how did henry aim to increase trade regarding the hanseatic league
he tried to break up the strength of the hanseatic league, therefore negotiations were passed 1485-86 which encouraged the use of english ships to carry goods rather than foreign ships
what was the hanseatic league
A powerful trading coalition of countries that were based in Germany.
what was intercursus magnus
1496 which allooed england merchants to trade freely with burgundy
by 1509 what % of cloth was exported from england to european countries
60%
describe henrys navy
it was small, 9 ships, but were good quality
what sucesses and failures were their in trade
custom duties rose, however compared with the hanseatic league and spain english merchants were only trading small amounts
over seas trade helped henry secure his throne
what did humanists believe
that it is possible to improve knowledge through education
as a result 100 schools were set up
what influence did humanists have in henry’s reign
his children recieved a eduction that reflected humanists
humanists became involved in the relgious debate because they were concerned about the treatment of the poor and the quality of clergymen and wanted to improve education amoung the clergy
describe enclosed land
land was divided up into strips and given by the local land owner to tenants
define custom duties
money paid on goods entering or leaving the country
define the great chain of being
everyone recognised their place in society
what were the 7 sacrements
the eucharist (bread and wine) baptism holy orders conformation marriage confessions unction (anointing of the sick)
what was the heirarchy of the church
cardinals
archbishops
bishop
priests
name some corruption within the church
some clergy had mistresses
some were ignorant and couldnt repeat gods prays
some were absent from their parishes
how would someones soul be saved
attend church regularly
believed in 7 sarcraments
show their faith to god
what does the bible being in latin mean
ordinary people couldnt read it, clergy could interpret what it says
when was the printing press invented
1476
What was the rebellion in Henry’s reign, when was it and why
1497
Cornish rebellion
It’s primary cause was the response by the impoverished people of Cornwall in response to Henry rising taxes for a campaign against Scotland
