Henry VIIIs Last Years

Question 1

Name some achievements of foreign policy is 1530

Answer 1

Princes in HRE had turned to Lutheran, who were looking for allies in schmalkalidic league in 1531. Cromwell made overtunes to the league.
Henry insisted on the 6 articles meant there was a less chance of invasion from France and HRE
Marriage between Henry and Anne of cleves strengthened England’s relationship with Protestant countries
War was restarting against Charles and Francis which meant less chance of an invasion

Question 2

Name some weaknesses of foreign policy 1530s

Answer 2

Nothing was agreed about possible alliance with HRE princes against France and Spain
1538 HRE and France made the ‘truce of nice’ which meant possible invasion
1538 pope excommunicated Henry
Cromwell was misinformed about Anne of cleves appearance and Henry took deep dislike to her

Question 3

Overall how much of a threat was foreign policy in 1530’s and why

Answer 3

It wasn’t a major threat because there wasn’t an invasions and alliances between France and Spain failed

Question 4

Give some advantages of foreign policy in 1540 regarding Scotland

Answer 4

1542 duke of Norfolk attacked the Scots. The Scots were defeated, over 1,000 Scots were taken prisioner
1544/45 earl of Hertford led army raids scored the boarder and burnt building and killed people
By Henry’s death he had prevented Scots and France from combining

Question 5

Give weaknesses of foreign policy in Scotland 1540

Answer 5

James V perused a pro-French policy. Henry attempt to negotiate but James refused
Earl of Hertfords actions only alienated Scotland further
Henry preventing alliance between Scotland and France can at a great financial cost
Treaty of Greenwich created a marriage between Mary and Edward but it failed and Scotland looked for an alliance with France

Question 6

Give some advantages of foreign policy with Europe’s been 1540-47

Answer 6

1542 France allied with the ottoman Turks vs hasburg so Henry allied with hasburg as long as they invaded France within 2 years. They did in 1544
Henry fortified The Boulogne
The treaty of Arades in 1546 meant Henry could keep the Boulogne and French wld revise the pension payment
Victory abroad enhanced the reputation of Tudor rule

Question 7

Give a weakness of foreign policy in Europe 1540-47

Answer 7

France threatened to invade England, the war cost the £2 million and increased inflation

Question 8

Give advantages of foreign policy in Ireland

Answer 8

The rebellions stopped and a more solid basis of gov establish
In 1540 the Fitzgerald lost their power and all land was declared to the crown
1541 Henry declared himself king of Ireland

Question 9

Give weaknesses of foreign policy in regard to Ireland’s

Answer 9

Real English control was limited
1536 the Fitzgerald led a rebellion against the crown and announce his support for the pope and Charles V
The Irish cling onto the support of the pope and catholic

Question 10

What was the cause of Cromwell’s downfall? And when was he executed

Answer 10

He arranged a marriage to Anne of cleves to strengthen English relations 1539 but Henry violently disliked her, which weakened their relationship
Cromwell’s enemies at court used this to their advantage
Henry liked Catherine Howard, daughter of duke of Norfolk, Cromwell’s rival. Catherine was instructed to spread rumours that Cromwell’s wasn’t carrying out the divorce quick enough.
Cromwell was executed 1540 July

Question 11

Factionalism at court- what were the views of the conservatives and who were the leaders?

Answer 11

Accepted the break with Rome but opposed doctrinal changes

Duke of Norfolk and gardiner

Question 12

Factionalism at court- what were the achievements of the conservatives

Answer 12

6 articles 1539
Fall of Cromwell
Catherine Howard
Plot against Cranmer and Catherine par

Question 13

Factionalism at court- what were the views of the reform group and who were incharge

Answer 13

Accepts the break with Rome

Edward Seymour and Cranmer

Question 14

Factionalism at court- what were the achievements of the reform

Answer 14

Fall of Catherine Howard, Catherine parr, plot against gardiner and arrest of Norfolk

Question 15

Factionalism at court- describe in detail the downfall of Gardiner

Answer 15

Gardiner had been accused of suggesting that the pope should be reinstated as head of the church

Question 16

Factionalism- what was a significant win for the reform faction involving authorly Denny?

Answer 16

In 1540 denny, supporter of reform, had control of Henry’s dry stamp, which allowed him to sign documents with the signature of the King.

Question 17

Factionalism at court- what marked the end of the conservative faction?

Answer 17

The conservative faction broke in 1546 by the arrest of Norfolk

Question 18

When was the succession act and what was it?

Answer 18

1544.
It was the ensure his son secured a successful succession of the crown. He did this through law and killing possible rivals

Question 19

Describe factionalism at court but 1546

Answer 19

The reform faction was dominant. Catherine parr has survived and Edward Seymour had put his position at court as Edwards uncle and military commander

Question 20

Position of the church by 1547- what brought the swing back to Catholicism by 1540

Answer 20

The 6 articles bought a temporary end to the prices of Protestant beliefs, the act reintroduced strong catholic beliefs about the Eucharistic 7 sacraments and the celibate needs of the priests.
The fall of Cromwell was also in favour of catholics

Question 21

Position of the church by 1547- what was the development like in the last years of Henry’s reign

Answer 21

From 1540-47 Protestants we’re prosecuted and their ideas attacked. However they were not wiped out
Cranmer reminded archbishop
Catherine parr also gave the Protestant movement more vigour
By Henry’s death the preaching of Protestant ideas were suppressed but the country remained separate from the popes control and the Bible was still in English

Question 22

Position of the church by 1547- what key catholic elements were part of the doctrines of the church at the death of Henry

Answer 22

The Eucharist including transubstantiation. Only the clergy could drink the wine.
All 7 sacraments remained in force
Confessions of sins to priests
Clergy couldn’t marry

Question 23

Position of the church by 1547- what were Protestant elements of the doctrines at the death of Henry

Answer 23

The bible was in English
Saint days reduced to 25
Forbidden to pilgrimage
Cranmer added English elements into services in 1545

Question 24

Position of the church by 1547- what were the religious beliefs of the people by 1547

Answer 24

Many people embraced aspects of Protestant ideas. But only the educated and really devote would have the inclination to understand the theological debates and rapidly changing situation.
Luther died in 1546 and Lutheran churches had become established in Germany and else where
All influences were reaching English but at the same time people were reluctant to abandon century old tradtions
People were slow to embrace radical change unless there was good reason to do so