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Mycology > Q8: Endophyte/Animal Symbiosis & Community Ecology > Flashcards

Q8: Endophyte/Animal Symbiosis & Community Ecology Flashcards

1
Q

Neutral symbioses in which one partner benefits and the other is neither benefitted or harmed.

A

Commensalism

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2
Q

Ways endophytes are disseminated.

A

(1) Vertically in seed and (2) horizontally by spore.

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3
Q

The food source of fungus-cultivating termites.

A

Modified cellulose

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4
Q

Ways that plants benefit from endophytes.

A

(1) Herbivore resistance, (2) protection from pathogens, (3) drought tolerance, (4) growth enhancement, (5) heavy metal tolerance, and (6) thermotolerance.

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5
Q

Endophytes of woody plants are dispersed only by (vertical/horizontal) dissemination.

A

Horizontal

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6
Q

(T/F) The symbiosis between termites and fungus has evolved many times.

A

False.

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7
Q

Gongylidia

A

Swollen hyphal tips that form as a result of mycelial pruning by ants. The main source of food for leafcutter ants.

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8
Q

(T/F) Leafcutter ants are often highly specialized with only one cultivated strain of a specific fungal species.

A

True; some species are more generalist, and can reform relationships with free-living fungi.

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9
Q

In what stage of the symbiosis between Leucoagaricus spp. and leafcutter ants does the fungus usually fruit?

A

After the ants abandon the nest.

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10
Q

C-selective fungi.

A

Combative fungi, characterized by slow growth rate; good competitors.

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11
Q

What do chytrid endosymbionts provide for ruminants?

A

The mycelium can break down larger material to make it more available for other microbes.

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12
Q

S-selected fungi.

A

Stress tolerant fungi adapted to specific extreme environments.

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13
Q

Fungal community succession generally proceeds from communities dominated by (R/C/S)-selected species to (R/C/S)-selected species.

A

R-selected to C-selected

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14
Q

Fungal community succession generally proceeds from communities (with/without) dominant species to communities (with/without) dominant species.

A

Without dominant species to with dominant species.

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15
Q

The major drawback of direct observation of a fungal community.

A

Non-fruiting fungi can be missed or unidentifiable.

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16
Q

Antibiosis in which secondary compounds are used to kill competing hyphae.

A

Fungicidal antibiosis

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17
Q

Examples of direct effects of animals on fungal communities.

A

Fungivory, grazing.

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18
Q

(T/F) Fungal commensals can be free-living.

A

True, requiring a host for only a stage in life cycle. Others, however, are never free-living.

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19
Q

R-selecting fungi.

A

Ruderal/pioneer species selected for short lifespans and high rate of production in disturbed environments.

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20
Q

Ruderal/pioneer species selected for short lifespans and high rate of production in disturbed environments.

A

R-selecting fungi.

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21
Q

The fungus that is cultivated by termites.

A

Termitomyces

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22
Q

Fungal community succession generally proceeds from communities dominated by (many/fewer) species to (many/fewer) species.

A

Many species to fewer species.

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23
Q

Most endophytes belong to which group?

A

Ascomycota

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24
Q

Direct antagonism.

A

A contact phenomenon that leads to the destructions of hyphae. Aggressive behavior by one or both fungi that requires hyphal contact.

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25
Q

Endophytes

A

Fungi that live within plants but cause no outward symptoms.

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26
Q

The negative influence of one fungus on another via production of secondary compounds, such as antibiotics.

A

Antibiosis.

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27
Q

Endophytic dissemination in which spores are produced on dead/dying plant tissue, going on to infect and colonize tissues of a new plant.

A

Horizonal dissemination

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28
Q

The FOUR broad influences on the composition and diversity of fungal communities.

A

(1) Substrate/nutrient availability, (2) physical environmental factors, (3) interspecific interactions, (4) impacts of animals.

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29
Q

The range of leafcutter ants.

A

South America to southern United States.

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30
Q

How do endophytes protect plants from pathogens?

A

(1) Production of toxins, (2) competitive exclusion, or (3) stimulating host defense.

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31
Q

Combative fungi, characterized by slow growth rate; good competitors.

A

C-selective fungi

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32
Q

What do leafcutter ants get out of the symbiosis with fungi?

A

The ability to use cellulose as a food source.

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33
Q

Endosymbionts

A

Symbionts that live most of their life cycle within another organism.

34
Q

A contact phenomenon that leads to the destructions of hyphae. Aggressive behavior by one or both fungi that requires hyphal contact.

A

Direct antagonism.

35
Q

Aggressive behavior by one or both competitor that does not require hyphal contact.

A

Indirect antagonism.

36
Q

Ruderal

A

The term for pioneer/R-selected species.

37
Q

Agricultural activities practices by leafcutter ants.

A

(1) Cultivation, (2) fertilization, (3) weed/pest control, (4) pruning, (5) specialized labor forces, (6) domestication of new crops/crop improvement.

38
Q

(T/F) The symbiosis between leafcutter ants and Leucoagaricus spp. has evolved multiple times.

A

False

39
Q

Fungicidal antibiosis.

A

Antibiosis in which secondary compounds are used to kill competing hyphae.

40
Q

(R/C)-selective fungi tend to use more complex substrates.

A

C-selective

41
Q

Mycorrhizal fungal communities tend to become (more/less) host-specific as a forest matures.

A

More

42
Q

Commensalism

A

Neutral symbioses in which one partner benefits and the other is neither benefitted or harmed.

43
Q

Swollen hyphal tips that form as a result of mycelial pruning by ants. The main source of food for leafcutter ants.

A

Gongylidia

44
Q

Fungi that live within plants but cause no outward symptoms.

A

Endophytes

45
Q

Antibiosis.

A

The negative influence of one fungus on another via production of secondary compounds, such as antibiotics.

46
Q

What do ambrosia beetles and Ambrosiella get out of their symbiosis?

A

The beetles get food (the fungus) and the fungus receives transmission and refuge from competitors.

47
Q

The genus of fungus that is primarily cultivated by leafcutter ants.

A

Leucoagaricus

48
Q

The term for pioneer species.

A

Ruderal

49
Q

The key difference between endophytes and mycorrhizae.

A

Endophytic fungi live entirely within plant tissue with no external connections.

50
Q

Horizontal dissemination.

A

Endophytic dissemination in which spores are produced on dead/dying plant tissue, going on to infect and colonize tissues of a new plant.

51
Q

The specialized structure on the thorax of female ambrosia beetles for carrying fungi.

A

Mycangium

52
Q

Approaches to characterize and quantify fungal communities.

A

(1) Direct observation, (2) isolation, (3) molecular methods.

53
Q

Indirect antagonism.

A

Aggressive behavior by one or both competitor that does not require hyphal contact.

54
Q

The genus of snail that has been found to cultivate fungi.

A

Littoria

55
Q

Mycangium

A

The specialized structure on the thorax of female ambrosia beetles for carrying fungi.

56
Q

Vertical dissemination.

A

Endophytic dissemination in which the infection is passed from parent to progeny via seed.

57
Q

How do endophytes provide herbivore resistance to plants?

A

Production of toxins that reduce herbivory.

58
Q

(Vertical/horizonal) dissemination is found primarily in the endophyte-grass symbiosis.

A

Vertical.

59
Q

Fungistatic antibiosis.

A

Antibiosis in which secondary compounds are used to slow the growth of other fungi.

60
Q

Examples of indirect effects of animals on fungal communities.

A

Inputs of dung/urine, changing composition of plant communities.

61
Q

The term for pioneer/R-selected species.

A

Ruderal.

62
Q

The fungus cultivated by ambrosia beetles.

A

Ascomycota -> hyphomycetes -> Ambrosiella

63
Q

Endophytic dissemination in which the infection is passed from parent to progeny via seed.

A

Vertical dissemination.

64
Q

Major drawbacks to using isolation to study fungal communities.

A

Many fungi do not grow well in culture, have very specific requirements for growth in culture, or are not good competitors on artificial media.

65
Q

(T/F) Endophytes are parasitic.

A

False, most are mutualistic.

66
Q

R-selecting fungi are primarily (sexual/asexual).

A

Asexual

67
Q

What do the fungi get out of the symbiosis with leafcutter ants?

A

A readily available food supply.

68
Q

Broad possible outcomes of interspecific interactions within a fungal community.

A

(1) Stimulation of one or both species, (2) mutual tolerance, or (3) intolerance/antagonism.

69
Q

Most endosymbionts tend to be (mutualistic, commensal, parasitic).

A

Commensal.

70
Q

The alternate name for leafcutter ants.

A

Attine ants

71
Q

What is the endophyte Neotyphodium known for?

A

Reducing grass herbivory by producing alkaloids

72
Q

What is a common example of a commensal endosymbiont that can become a parasite under certain conditions?

A

Candida albicans

73
Q

How does the Littoria snail cultivate fungus?

A

It creates wounds that weak parasitic fungi can exploit, then it eats the fungi.

74
Q

What type of insect is Dutch Elm Disease spread by?

A

Bark beetles

75
Q

What is the Mycangium of an Ambrosia beetle used for?

A

Carrying fungi!

76
Q

What is the nutrient aquisition strategy for most C-selected / combative fungi?

A

Wood decay

77
Q

What is the character trait of Xerophilic fungi?

A

Drought loving

78
Q

T or F. Mycoparasitism includes both necrotrophs and biotrophs.

A

True.

79
Q

What compound does Trichoderma, and other mycoparasites, use to break down host fungal cell walls?

A

Chitinases

80
Q

Why are R-selected pioneers not good competitors?

A

They can’t handle antibiotics.

Mycology (9 decks)

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