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Mycology > Q7: Mycorrhizae &Lichens > Flashcards

Q7: Mycorrhizae &Lichens Flashcards

1
Q

Crustose lichens.

A

Lichens that are flattened and fused very tightly to their substrate, often found on rocks or bark.

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2
Q

Mycobiont.

A

The fungal component of a lichen.

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3
Q

Foliose lichens.

A

Leaf like in shape and tend to be flattened.

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4
Q

Cyanobacteria provide the mycobiont with _____.

A

Carbohydrates and nitrogen.

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5
Q

Lichens that are leaf like in shape and tend to be flattened.

A

Foliose lichens.

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6
Q

What characteristics do plant families that do not form arbuscular mycorrhizae tend to have in common?

A

Weedy species that colonize disturbed areas, not needing the nutrients that mycorrhizae provide.

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7
Q

(T/F) Lichens always reproduce with their photobionts.

A

False; some mycobionts reproduce as fungi usually would and must reform relationships with free-living photobionts.

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8
Q

Powdery to granular structures without cortex that contain both the mycobiont and photobiont.

A

Soredia.

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9
Q

What types of plant species are most likely to form ectomycorrhizae.

A

Woody perennials, mostly in temperate forests (some tropical)

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10
Q

The site of nutrient transfers between the host and the fungus in arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi.

A

Arbuscule.

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11
Q

Extraradical hyphae.

A

External hyphae that extend out from the root into the soil.

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12
Q

Isidia

A

Minute, finger-like or globular projections covered with cortex containing both the mycobiont and photobiont that can be dispersed by wind, rain, or animals.

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13
Q

The algal and bacterial component of a lichen.

A

Photobiont.

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14
Q

Arbuscular mycorrhizae belong to which group?

A

The Glomeromycota.

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15
Q

Soredia.

A

Powdery to granular structures without cortex that contain both the mycobiont and photobiont.

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16
Q

A “sheath” of hyphae produced by ectomycorrhizae that wraps around the surface of small roots, resulting in a swollen appearance.

A

Mantle

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17
Q

Mantle

A

A “sheath” of hyphae produced by ectomycorrhizae that wraps around the surface of small roots, resulting in a swollen appearance.

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18
Q

Medulla.

A

The mass of woven hyphae that provides much of the structure of the lichen.

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19
Q

(T/F) Lichenized fungi are a small portion of described fungi.

A

False, they make up the largest portion.

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20
Q

What are the two types of extraradical hyphae and what are their functions?

A

Finely branched hyphae are adapted to soil pore exploration, while larger runner hyphae extend away from the root and may initiate secondary colonization of other plant roots.

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21
Q

Minute, finger-like or globular projections covered with cortex containing both the mycobiont and photobiont that can be dispersed by wind, rain, or animals.

A

Isidia.

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22
Q

Most ectomycorrhizal fungi belong to which group?

A

Basidiomycota; Ascomycota to a lesser degree.

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23
Q

Lichens that are erect or pendent (hanging down) and cylindrical, with distinct 3D structure.

A

Fruticose.

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24
Q

Ericoid mycorrhizae are limited to plants in the ______.

A

Ericaceae (blueberry family).

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25
Q

____% of the world’s plants form ectomycorrhizae.

A

3%

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26
Q

(T/F) Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi can be parasitic.

A

True, although generally not killing their hosts (obligate biotrophs).

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27
Q

The three main growth forms of lichens.

A

(1) Foliose, (2) fruticose, and (3) crustose.

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28
Q

What are the main nutrients mycorrhizal fungi enhance uptake of?

A

N & P

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29
Q

In what type of lichens are the photobionts scattered throughout the thallus rather than being confined to a defined layer?

A

Crustose, but also some foliose/fruticose.

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30
Q

(T/F) The photobionts are just as diverse as the mycobionts.

A

False, only ~100 species described.

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31
Q

What do the photobionts gain from the mycobiont?

A

Protection from the environment. Assumed that they receive water/nutrients, but this is unsupported by evidence.

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32
Q

Fruticose lichens.

A

Lichens that are erect or pendent (hanging down) and cylindrical, with distinct 3D structure.

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33
Q

A common group of epiparasites with highly specialized species that are mycorrhizal with only a single ectomycorrhizal species of fungi

A

Monotropes.

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34
Q

Lichens that are flattened and fused very tightly to their substrate, often found on rocks or bark.

A

Crustose lichens.

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35
Q

The hyphal growth of ectomycorrhizae within plant roots is (inter/intra)cellular.

A

Intercellular; does not penetrate individual root cells.

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36
Q

What is ecologically unique about ericoid mycorrhizal fungi?

A

They can extract nutrients from OM in highly acidic settings.

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37
Q

How do newly germinated hyphae detect and grow towards plant roots.

A

Chemotaxis.

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38
Q

Lichenometry.

A

The use of lichens in geological/archeological dating.

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39
Q

Photobiont.

A

The algal and bacterial component of a lichen.

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40
Q

Cephalodium.

A

The structure in which cyanobacteria are segregated from green algae in lichens.

41
Q

Vesicles.

A

Thick-walled structures, ranging in shape from ovoid to box-like, containing many lipids and nuclei in arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi.

42
Q

Hyphal growth within plant roots in arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi is (inter/intra)cellular.

A

Both intercellular and intracellular. Intercellular growth occurs within the cortex, followed by hyphal penetration of individual plant root cells.

43
Q

Mycorrhizae

A

Structures in which plant roots and fungal tissues combine in such a way that both the plant and fungus benefits.

44
Q

Arbuscules are (short/long)-lived.

A

Short-lived, 5-7 days.

45
Q

Reproduction in Glomeromycota is (sexual/asexual/both).

A

Asexual.

46
Q

How do plants benefits from mycorrhizal fungi?

A

(1) Enhanced nutrient/water uptake, (2) protection from root infecting pathogens, (3) increased longevity of fine roots, (4) soil aggregation (soil structure), (5) creating mycorrhizal networks between multiple plants.

47
Q

The mass of woven hyphae that provides much of the structure of the lichen.

A

Medulla.

48
Q

Rhizines.

A

Structures that anchor a lichen to a substrate.

49
Q

____% of lichens are formed strictly with green algae in the phylum Chlorophyta.

A

~85%

50
Q

What compound is produced by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in the Glomeromycota to enhance soil aggregation?

A

Glomalin

51
Q

Which mycorrhizal group forms a mantle?

A

Ectomycorrhizae.

52
Q

The most common lichen-forming cyanobacterium.

A

Nostoc.

53
Q

The other term for endomycorrhizae.

A

Arbuscular mycorrhizae.

54
Q

(T/F) Some photobionts are highly specialized.

A

True. While most are generalists, some are only found with a single fungal genus.

55
Q

About ____% of lichens are formed only with cyanobacteria.

A

10%

56
Q

Lichen acids or lichen substances.

A

Compounds formed by the mycobiont only during its symbiotic relationship, including phenolic compounds and fatty acids.

57
Q

The three types of mycorrhizal fungi.

A

(1) Ectomycorrhizae, (2) endomycorrhizae, and (3) ericoid.

58
Q

The use of lichens in geological/archeological dating.

A

Lichenometry.

59
Q

Under what cropping conditions do crops most benefit from arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi?

A

Low nutrient conditions.

60
Q

Structures that anchor a lichen to a substrate.

A

Rhizines.

61
Q

(T/F) Lichens are found on every continent.

A

True.

62
Q

Ectomycorrhizal fungi are (mono/poly)phyletic.

A

Polyphyletic; has evolved many times.

63
Q

How do mycorrhizal fungi protect plant roots from pathogens?

A

Can be through (1) creating a physical barrier, (2) antibiotic secretions, (3) host cell stimulation, or (4) influencing the rhizosphere community.

64
Q

What important ecological role do lichens play in deserts?

A

Forming microbiotic crusts that prevent erosion.

65
Q

Ericoid mycorrhizae belong to which group.

A

A small subset of the Ascomycota.

66
Q

Most lichens are formed strictly with ______.

A

Green algae in the phylum Chlorophyta.

67
Q

Approximately ____% of the worlds plants are mycorrhizal.

A

90%

68
Q

The majority of lichens belong to which group?

A

Discomycetes of the Ascomycota.

69
Q

Arbuscule

A

The site of nutrient transfers between the host and the fungus in arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi.

70
Q

Lichens can be used as indicators of _____.

A

Poor air quality.

71
Q

What important ecological role to lichens play in forests.

A

Nitrogen fixation.

72
Q

The algae layer is comprised of _____.

A

Algal cells mixed with hyphae.

73
Q

Lichens.

A

A symbiotic relationship between a fungus and a green algae, cyanobacteria, or both.

74
Q

(T/F) Most lichen-forming fungi are facultative with their photobionts.

A

False, most are obligately dependent.

75
Q

Non-photosynthetic plants that get carbon from other plants via a mycorrhizal bridge.

A

Epiparasitic plants.

76
Q

About ____% of lichens are formed with both green algae and cyanobacteria.

A

5%

77
Q

Lichenized fungi make up ____% of described fungi.

A

Almost 20%

78
Q

What functions do vesicles serve in arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi?

A

Storage organs, dispersal in root fragments.

79
Q

Hartig net

A

A network of hyphae that grows in the intercellular spaces within the plant root cortex, wrapping around root cell walls.

80
Q

What cropping conditions can cause arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi to become more parasitic?

A

High nutrient conditions (fertilization).

81
Q

Lichenized fungi are (mono/poly)phyletic.

A

Polyphyletic, has evolved at least 5 times.

82
Q

~____% of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi form vesicles.

A

80%

83
Q

Thick-walled structures, ranging in shape from ovoid to box-like, containing many lipids and nuclei in arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi.

A

Vesicles.

84
Q

Epiparasitic plants.

A

Non-photosynthetic plants that get carbon from other plants via a mycorrhizal bridge.

85
Q

The fungal component of a lichen.

A

Mycobiont.

86
Q

The most common belowground symbiosis on earth.

A

Arbuscular mycorrhizae.

87
Q

Monotropes.

A

A common group of epiparasites with highly specialized species that are mycorrhizal with only a single ectomycorrhizal species of fungi (some can utilize arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi).

88
Q

A network of hyphae that grows in the intercellular spaces within the plant root cortex, wrapping around root cell walls.

A

Hartig net

89
Q

Cortex

A

The most external layer on the upper and lower surfaces of foliose/fruticose lichens, often lined with a gelatinized layer of dead cells for protection.

90
Q

Arbuscular mycorrhizae are (mono/poly)phyletic.

A

Monophyletic.

91
Q

Algae provide the mycobiont with _____.

A

Carbohydrates.

92
Q

The total fungal biomass within a plant root is thought to be about ____-____% of the dry weight of the root.

A

4-17%

93
Q

In what ways do mycorrhizal fungi benefit from their relationship with plant roots?

A

The fungi receive carbohydrates (sugars) and some amino acids from plants.

94
Q

The order (from top to bottom) of the layers of foliose/fruticose lichens, including upper (U) and lower (L) cortex, rhizines (R), the medulla (M), and the algal layer (A).

A

U A M L R

95
Q

What is unique about ericoid mycorrhizal colonization?

A

Only the epidermal cells of the fine root hairs are colonized.

96
Q

Lichens are especially common in what kinds of environments?

A

Stressful environments, such as deserts or alpine habitats.

97
Q

The most external layer on the upper and lower surfaces of foliose/fruticose lichens, often lined with a gelatinized layer of dead cells for protection.

A

Cortex.

98
Q

(T/F) In lichen with both green algae and cyanobacteria, the photobionts coexist.

A

False, they are segregated into morphologically distinct areas.

Mycology (9 decks)

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