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Mycology > Q1: Fungal growth, evolution, and ascomycota > Flashcards

Q1: Fungal growth, evolution, and ascomycota Flashcards

1
Q

Fungi cause the majority of all known ____ diseases.

A

plant

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2
Q

Fungi were originally regarded as members of the ____ kingdom.

A

plant

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3
Q

The “body” of a fungus.

A

Hyphal thallus

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4
Q

Pleomorphic:

A

Able to produce several different forms.

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5
Q

A mass of hyphae.

A

Mycelium

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6
Q

Hyphal strands grow in ____ but not ____.

A

length; girth

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7
Q

Structures that divide the hyphae of some fungal groups into different cells.

A

Septa; a septum

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8
Q

Hyphae that lack septa.

A

Aseptate or coenocytic

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9
Q

Individual cells of septate hyphae may have ### nuclei.

A

One, two, or many

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10
Q

Fungi grow in a ____ manner.

A

Radial

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11
Q

Yeasts (do/do not) form a monophyletic group.

A

do not

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12
Q

(T/F) Fungi grow either as a mycelium or a yeast.

A

False; some can be dimorphic, changing form depending on environmental or genetic conditions.

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13
Q

(T/F) Fungal spores are produced asexually.

A

False; can be produced asexually or sexually.

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14
Q

(T/F) Fungal spores are unicellular.

A

False; can be unicellular or multicellular.

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15
Q

Zoospores:

A

Aquatic spores that have flagella and can swim in water.

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16
Q

Aquatic spores that are motile.

A

Zoospores

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17
Q

The two broad ecological categories of fungi.

A

Saprobes & symbionts

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18
Q

The category of fungi that decompose dead organic matter.

A

Saprobes

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19
Q

The three categories of parasitic fungi.

A

Necrotrophs, biotrophs, and hemibiotrophs.

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20
Q

The category of parasitic fungi that kills cells then live as a saprobe in the dead tissue.

A

Necrotrophs

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21
Q

The category of parasitic fungi that require living cells from which to obtain nutrients.

A

Biotrophs

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22
Q

The category of parasitic fungi that initially require living cells, but then act as necrotrophs.

A

Hemibiotrophs

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23
Q

Dimorphic

A

Capable of growing as mycelium or yeasts.

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24
Q

Fungi release ____ into their local environment to break down complex structures.

A

extracellular enzymes

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25
Q

Sessile:

A

Stationary

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26
Q

Fungi utilize ____ growth to continuously extend into new zones of substrate.

A

apical

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27
Q

As the apex extends, the protoplasm is pushed toward the tip by ____ that form and expand in the older parts of the hyphae.

A

Vacuoles

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28
Q

As the apex expands, older zones of hyphae become _____.

A

Metabolically inactive

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29
Q

(T/F) Fungi can synthesize enzymes specific to the substrates they encounter.

A

True; specific enzymes are not always present and synthesis may be induced by the availability of a substrate.

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30
Q

The process by which fungal enzyme synthesis can be triggered by environmental conditions.

A

Enzyme induction

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31
Q

The process by which fungal enzyme synthesis can be prevented by the presence of an alternative preferred nutrient source.

A

Catabolite suppression

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32
Q

The process by which fungal enzyme synthesis can be prevented in response to environmental conditions.

A

Enzyme suppression

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33
Q

The methods by which fungi limit the ability of other organisms to share in the nutrients that break free from a substance.

A

(1) Feedback mechanisms that match enzyme synthesis to the rate at which breakdown products are used, (2) final stages of substrate breakdown being performed by wall-bound enzymes, and (3) producing antibiotics or other growth-suppression metabolites.

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34
Q

Hyphal wall materials are transported to the apex by ____.

A

vesicles

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35
Q

____ pressure causes the apex tip to extend forward in growth.

A

Turgor

36
Q

Some species of xerophytic fungi can extract water vapor from the air or a dry substrate by _____.

A

generating low hyphal water potentials

37
Q

Most fungi grow well in the temperature range ____.

A

10-30C

38
Q

Fungi capable of growth at very low temperatures.

A

Psychrophiles

39
Q

Fungi capable of growth at very high temperatures.

A

Thermophiles

40
Q

Fungi that can optimally grow at a range of 10-30C.

A

Mesophiles

41
Q

How do thermophiles maintain membrane fluidity at high temperatures?

A

Having more saturated fatty acids in their membranes.

42
Q

How do psychrophiles maintain membrane fluidity at low temperatures?

A

Having more unsaturated fatty acids in their membranes.

43
Q

The two requirements for extremophile fungi to live at extremes:

A

(1) Maintain membrane fluidity and (2) maintain synthesis of functional proteins.

44
Q

Fungi whose growth is reduced markedly if the partial pressure of oxygen drops much below that of air.

A

Obligate aerobes.

45
Q

Fungi that grow well in an oxygenated environment, but can also in the absence of oxygen by fermentation of sugars.

A

Facultative aerobes.

46
Q

Fungi that are aquatic and have only rudimentary mitochondria and low cytochrome content. They can grow in the presence or absence of oxygen, but only by means of fermentation.

A

Obligately fermentative fungi

47
Q

Fungi that are killed upon exposure to oxygen.

A

Obligate anaerobes.

48
Q

Fungi generally prefer environments in which the pH is slightly ____.

A

acidic

49
Q

Zonate growth in culture is believed to be due to _____ of surface hyphae.

A

light inhibition

50
Q

In some fungi (Pilobolous), light triggers formation of ____ which subsequently grow towards the light.

A

sporangiophores

51
Q

Phototropism

A

The ability to sense and grow in response to light.

52
Q

The approximate number of described fungal species.

A

100,000

53
Q

The estimated number of total fungal species.

A

1.5 million

54
Q

Ultrastructural morphology:

A

Morphology examined at the cellular and subcellular level.

55
Q

Common ultrastructural morphological structures used for classification include:

A

(1) Flagella, (2) septa, (3) mitochondria, and (4) ploidy level.

56
Q

Biochemical classification characters include:

A

(1) Cell wall components, (2) amino acid synthesis pathways, (3) sterol synthesis pathways, (4) ability to break down different C substrates, and (5) production of secondary metabolites.

57
Q

Most fungal evolutionary work has been done with ____ or ____ DNA.

A

nuclear; mitochondrial ribosomal

58
Q

The main four characters of fungi:

A

(1) Chitin in cell walls, (2) primarily haploid life cycle, (3) glycogen is used as main storage product, and (4) mitochondria with plate-like cristae.

59
Q

rDNA

A

Ribosomal DNA

60
Q

Cryptic species

A

Species that are very closely related and (nearly) morphologically identical, but genetically or ecologically distinct.

61
Q

Species that are very closely related and (nearly) morphologically identical, but genetically or ecologically distinct.

A

Cryptic species

62
Q

Which two phyla encompass ~98% of all described fungi?

A

Ascomycota and Basidiomycota

63
Q

The monophyletic group that includes both Ascomycota and Basidiomycota.

A

Dikarya

64
Q

What is a dikaryon?

A

A hyphae with two nuclei that arises from gamete fusion (mating) that is not directly followed by nuclear fusion.

65
Q

Ascomycota encompasses ~____ of all described species.

A

2/3

66
Q

Members of Ascomycota are distinguished by the formation of _____ in a _____.

A

sexual spores; sac-like cell called an ascus

67
Q

The primary defining morphological feature of Ascomycota.

A

The ascus

68
Q

Mature spores of the phylum Ascomycota.

A

Ascospores

69
Q

Ascomycota: septate or aseptate?

A

Septate; contain “simple” septa

70
Q

The life cycle of Ascomycota members is predominated by the ____ stage.

A

Haploid (n)

71
Q

Plasmogamy

A

The fusion of gamete structures during sexual reproduction that gives rise to the dikaryotic (n+n) stage.

72
Q

Karyogamy

A

Nuclear fusion that occurs within the ascus mother cell to form a diploid (2n) zygote.

73
Q

The ascus mother cell is ____.

A

Dikaryotic (n+n)

74
Q

The zygote in Ascomycota is _____.

A

Diploid (2n)

75
Q

In Ascomycota, meiosis occurs in the _____.

A

Zygote

76
Q

Ascospores are produced by the _____.

A

Zygote

77
Q

Asexual spores are called _____.

A

Conidia

78
Q

Conidia

A

Asexual spores

79
Q

Conidia are produced during the _____ life cycle.

A

Haploid

80
Q

Homothallic

A

Not requiring differential mating strains to complete sexual reproduction.

81
Q

Heterothallic

A

Requiring different mating strains to complete sexual reproduction.

82
Q

The subphylum within Ascomycota that contains general that appear only distantly related to each other, contains unicellular soil-inhabiting saprobes, dimorphic genera (saprobic yeast, parasitic hyphae), and only a single genera that produces multicellular fruiting bodies.

A

Taphrinomycotina

83
Q

Taphrina:

A

Genera of fungi parasitizing vascular plants (i.e. Peach Leaf Curl). The dikaryotic mycelium is not purely reproductive, but also assimilative.

84
Q

The subphylum within Ascomycota that is a well-supported monophyletic ground, contains yeasts and hyphal thalli, and all members lack any sort of multicellular specialized structures to protect the asci (the asci are “naked”).

A

Saccharomycotina

85
Q

Saccharomyces:

A

The yeast most well-known for its role in baking and brewing. Its natural habitat is on the surface of fruit.

Mycology (9 decks)

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