Q3: Basidiomycota Flashcards
What septal structure is unique to Basidiomycota?
The dolipore septum.
Microcyclic rusts.
Rust fungi that do not produce the aecial or uredinial spore stages.
What subphylum of Basidiomycota has a modified dolipore with no septal pore?
Ustilaginomycotina.
Out of Agaricomycotina, Ustilaginomycotina, and Pucciniomycotina, which completely lacks a dolipore septum?
Pucciniomycotina
What are the fruiting bodies of Basidiomycota called?
Basidiocarps
What are the three main subphyla of Basidiomycota?
Agaricomycotina
Pucciniomycotina
Ustilaginomycotina
Smut fungi are part of which subphylum of Basidiomycota?
Ustilaginomycotina.
_____ rusts produce each of the five spore stages.
Macrocyclic.
The (3) characteristics of rust fungi.
Biotrophic plant pathogens, simple septa, and the absence of basidiocarps.
A sorus.
A mass of spores.
Rust fungi that infect only one host during the life cycle.
Autoecious rusts.
True or False. Basidiomycota are the primary source of lignin degradation in the world.
True
Spermatia are produced by the ______ and are (haploid/diploid/dikaryotic).
Spermagonium; haploid.
What are holobasidia?
Single-celled basidia.
What are the main distinguishing features of Basidiomycota?
They have basidium that form basidiospores on the tips of sterigmata.
Teliospores are produced by the _____ and are (haploid/diploid/dikaryotic).
Telium; dikaryotic –> diploid.
(T/F) For most members of Basidiomycota, spores are forcibly discharged.
True.
Epigeous.
The term for aboveground fruiting bodies.
In rust fungi, urediniospores are (infectious/non-infectious).
Infectious.
What are basidia?
The structures which generate sexual spores in Basidiomycota.
In terms of aeciospores, what does “non-repeating” refer to?
A germinated aeciospore will not give rise to another aecium.
Spermatia in rust fungi are (infectious/non-infectious).
Non-infectious.
What are phragmobasidia?
Basidia divided into several cells by transverse or longitudinal septa.
The term for familiar gilled mushrooms.
Agarics (includes boletes).
Rust fungi that alternate between two different hosts.
Heteroecious rusts.
Which phase of the life cycle is longer in Basidiomycota: homokaryotic or heterkaryotic?
Heterokaryotic. Opposite of Ascomycota.
Heteroecious rusts.
Rust fungi that alternate between two different hosts.
Spermatia.
Single-celled, haploid spores produced within a spermagonium.
Basidia are formed within what structure of the basidiocarp?
The hymenium.
(T/F) All members of Basidiomycota produce fruiting structures.
False, rusts and smuts do not.
Macrocyclic rusts.
Rust fungi that produce each of the five spore stages.
In rust fungi, the spermagonium is formed following infection of the plant by the ______.
Basidiospore.
What are ballistospores?
Spores that are forcibly discharged.
What is a Monokaryon?
An organism with one nuclei per cell
The largest order of Pucciniomycotina.
Pucciniales (rust fungi)
The ecological niches of Pucciniomycotina.
Saprotrophs and parasites of plants, insects, and fungi.
The primary overwintering structure of rust fungi.
Teliospores.
What is the ecological niche of the yeast-like haploid life cycle of Ustilaginomycotina?
Saprobic.
Name several iconic fruiting forms of Basidiomycota. Four are listed.
Mushrooms, shelf fungi, jelly fungi, and puffballs.
Autoecious rusts.
Rust fungi that infect only one host during the life cycle.
Urediniospores.
Repeating spores produced from dikaryotic hyphae that infect the same host.
The main unifying character of the traditional group within Basidiomycota known as Gasteromycetes.
Basidiospores that are not forcibly discharged.
Basidiospores are usually (haploid/diploid).
Haploid.
What are the three components of the Haploid life cycle in Basidiomycetes, following meiosis?
Formation of basidium, release of mating types (+ and -), and formation of mycelial hyphae
Although the exact function is not known, what is the dolipore septum believed to do?
Limit the movement of nuclei, but not other organelles.
In rust fungi, teliospores are (infectious/non-infectious).
Non-infectious.
What is the fate of basidiospores in the order Ustilaginales (an order of smut fungi)?
Budding to form a yeast phase or germination to form conidia.
All mushrooms of Basidiomycota are members of which subphylum?
Agaricomycotina.
Hypogeous.
The term for belowground fruiting bodies.
What are sterigma?
The structures on the surface of basidia on which basidiospores are formed.
What occurs during the Diploid stage in Basidiomycota after fertilization/karyogamy?
The nuclei fuse and undergo meiosis.
In rust fungi, basidiospores are (infectious/non-infectious).
Infectious.
Asexual rusts form only which type of spores?
Urediniospores.
In Ustilaginales (an order of smut fungi), basidia arise from the _____.
Germinating teliospores.
Spores that are forcibly discharged.
Ballistospores.
What structure on the basidiospore is thought to aid in forcible discharge?
The hilar appendix, by means of a small droplet of liquid that accumulates.
Teliospores.
Basidia producing spores.
What are the three components of the Dikaryotic phase of Basidiomycetes, following plasmogamy?
Dikaryotic mycelium, formation of basidiocarp, development of basidium
The majority of what type of mycorrhizae are found in Basidiomycota?
Ectomycorrhizae
Single-celled basidia.
Holobasidia.
What are secotioid fungi?
The intermediate form between mushrooms and puffballs.
What are secondary ballistospores?
Asexual ballistospores (conidia) produced by germinating basidiospores in smut fungi.
In Basidiomycota, karyogamy and meiosis take place within what structure?
The basidium.
Urediniospores are produced by the _____ and are (haploid/diploid/dikaryotic).
Uredinium; dikaryotic.
Out for Agaricomycotina, Ustilaginomycotina, and Pucciniomycotina, which have no fruiting bodies?
Ustilaginomycotina and Pucciniomycotina
The ecological niches of Agaricomycotina.
Wood decomposers (saprobes; some parasitic), mycorrhizae, mycoparasites, and lichens.
The term for belowground fruiting bodies.
Hypogeous
Rust fungi are generally (generalists/specialists) when it comes to their hosts.
Specialists.
Basidiospores that are not forcibly discharged.
Statismospores.
The main ecological niche of Ustilaginomycotina?
Plant parasites.
Basidia divided into several cells by transverse or longitudinal septa.
Phragmobasidia.
Aeciospores are produced by the _____ and are (haploid/diploid/dikaryotic).
Aecium; dikaryotic.
What are statismospores?
Basidiospores that are not forcibly discharged.
Which subphyla of Basidiomycota completely lacks the dolipore septum?
Pucciniomycotina.
The characteristic dikaryotic (eventually diploid) spores of smut fungi are known as _____ and are formed as ________.
Teliospores; conspicuous dark powdery masses of spores (a sorus).
(T/F) Basidiocarp morphology is related to phylogeny.
False
The intermediate form between mushrooms and puffballs.
Secotioid fungi.
What is a Heterokaryon?
A fungal thallus where there are two or more genetically distinct haploid nuclei.
In smut and rust fungi, karyogamy takes place in the _____.
Teliospore.
Which life stage of Ustilaginomycotina tends to be parasitic?
The dikaryon.
The traditional group within Agaricomycotina with gelatinous or waxy basidiocarps that can desiccate and revive upon wetting, generally displaying phragmobasidia.
Jelly fungi.
The main ecological niches of Basidiomycota.
Wood decay, mycorrhizae, and plant pathogens.
The structures on the surface of basidia on which basidiospores are formed.
Sterigma
The term for aboveground fruiting bodies.
Epigeous
The unique structure that generates sexual spores in Basidiomycota.
Basidium; basidia (pl)
What is the difference between (1) a homokaryon and a monokaryon; and (2) a heterokaryon and a dikaryon?
Monokaryon and dikaryon refer only to the number of nuclei in a given cell, whereas homokaryon and heterokaryon refer to whether or not the nuclei are genetically distinct.
______ rusts do not produce the aecial or uredinial spore stages.
Microcyclic.
In smut fungi, teliospores are formed within a _____.
Sorus.
Aeciospores.
Non-repeating vegetative (asexual) spores produced as a result of dikaryotization that germinate to produce a dikaryotic mycelium.
What is a Homokaryon?
A fungal thallus where all nuclei are genetically identical
Basidiospores of rust fungi are (haploid/diploid/dikaryotic).
Diploid –> haploid.
In rust fungi, aeciospores are (infectious/non-infectious).
Infectious.
What is a Dikaryon?
An organism with two nuclei per cell
What subphyla of Basidiomycota has a dolipore septum?
Agaricomycotina.
The miscellaneous traditional group of Agaricomycotina.
Aphyllophorales.
All microcyclic rusts are ______.
Autoecious.
Are Basidiomycota known for mycorrhizae?
Yes
The major characteristics of jelly fungi.
Gelatinous or waxy basidiocarps that can desiccate and revive upon wetting, generally displaying phragmobasidia.
