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Mycology > Q6: Parasitism & Medical Mycology > Flashcards

Q6: Parasitism & Medical Mycology Flashcards

1
Q

Parasitism.

A

A symbiosis where one partner is benefitted while the other is negatively impacted.

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2
Q

Pathogen.

A

A parasite that causes perceptible damage to its host.

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3
Q

Mutualism.

A

A symbiosis where both partners benefit.

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4
Q

The three broad categories of parasites.

A

Necrotrophs, biotrophs, and hemibiotrophs.

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5
Q

Necrotroph.

A

A parasite that kills the cells of a living host and uses the remains for food. Many can live as saprobes and may not require living hosts.

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6
Q

A parasite that kills the cells of a living host and uses the remains for food. Many can live as saprobes and may not require living hosts.

A

Necrotroph.

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7
Q

(T/F) Necrotrophs require a living host.

A

False; many can live as saprobes without a living host.

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8
Q

Biotroph.

A

A parasite that derives nutrition only from living cells, often not killing the host or its cells. Often obligate.

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9
Q

A parasite that derives nutrition only from living cells, often not killing the host or its cells. Often obligate.

A

Biotroph.

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10
Q

(T/F) Biotrophs require a living host.

A

True; often an obligate symbiosis.

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11
Q

Hemibiotroph.

A

A parasite that requires a living host to initiate infection, but then can live as a necrotroph.

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12
Q

A parasite that requires a living host to initiate infection, but then can live as a necrotroph.

A

Hemibiotroph.

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13
Q

Ecological roles of parasites.

A

Population regulation and community structure mediation.

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14
Q

(T/F) Hemibiotrophs require a living host.

A

True; required to initiate infection.

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15
Q

The ecological role of Phellinus weirii.

A

A wood decay fungus that rots the roots of mountain hemlock and eventually kills individual trees, opening large gaps in the forest. Within these gaps, pine and fir trees regenerate.

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16
Q

Approximately _____% of plant pathogens are fungi.

A

75%

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17
Q

The three elements that interact in the disease triangle to produce a disease.

A

The parasite, a susceptible host, and a conducive environment.

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18
Q

In most cases, the pathogen evolution is geared towards (increased/reduced) virulence.

A

Reduced.

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19
Q

What has caused the increased mortality of rubber trees due to rubber leaf blight?

A

Plantation planting; monoculture.

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20
Q

Exotic pathogen species.

A

A new pathogen that has not co-evolved with a host.

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21
Q

Important North American examples of exotic pathogens.

A

Chestnut blight, white pine blister rust, and Dutch elm disease.

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22
Q

Necrotrophs often require _____ to enter a plant.

A

Wounds.

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23
Q

Specialized structures that biotrophs often use to acquire nutrients from host cells.

A

Haustoria.

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24
Q

Hemibiotrophs can be seen as _______.

A

Obligate necrotrophs.

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25
Q

(T/F) Hemibiotrophs can have a free living saprobic stage.

A

False (or if they do they are not efficient).

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26
Q

(T/F) Necrotrophs can have a free-living saprobic stage.

A

True.

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27
Q

Hemibiotrophs penetrate a living plant like a ______ but then grow like a ______.

A

Biotroph; necrotroph

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28
Q

Phytophthora species are well known ______.

A

Hemibiotrophs.

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29
Q

Common mechanisms that some fungi use to capture microanimals.

A

Constricting rings, adhesive hyphae, and projectiles.

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30
Q

Many fungi that feed on animals are primarily ______.

A

Saprobes, receiving only supplemental nutrition from predation.

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31
Q

Oyster mushrooms parasitize _______.

A

Nematodes.

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32
Q

Entomophthora spp. are _______.

A

Insect parasites.

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33
Q

Cordyceps spp. are ______.

A

Obligate biotrophs of insects.

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34
Q

(T/F) Fungal biological control agents have proven generally efficiency in controlling agricultural pests.

A

False; infection is very dependent on environmental factors that differ from natural settings.

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35
Q

The exotic oomycete Aphanomyces astaci has devastated populations of _____ in Europe.

A

Crayfish.

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36
Q

A disease caused by Aspergillus sydowii has significantly reduced ______ populations.

A

Coral.

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37
Q

A terrestrial fungus that has become the cause of a major marine coral disease.

A

Aspergillus sydowii.

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38
Q

Many vertebrate pathogens are _____ and are primarily ______, while others are ______.

A

Facultative; saprobes; obligate commensals.

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39
Q

Candida albicans is primarily _______ but can become ______.

A

An obligate commensal; parasitic.

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40
Q

Batrachochytridium dendrobatides has been associated with massive die-offs of ______.

A

Frogs.

41
Q

Batrachochytridium dendrobatides kills frogs by _______.

A

Disruption of osmoregulation on the skin.

42
Q

Chitinases.

A

Enzymes produced by necrotrophic mycoparasites to attack fungi.

43
Q

Enzymes produced by necrotrophic mycoparasites to attack fungi.

A

Chitinases.

44
Q

Rozella is an example of a ______ parasite of chytrids.

A

Biotrophic.

45
Q

The three main barriers to fungal infection in the human body.

A

Skin, body temperature, and immune system.

46
Q

As a result of the major barriers to fungal infection of the human body, most human pathogenic fungi have developed one of these three features.

A

Ability to use keratin as a nutrient source, ability to grow at 37C, and dimorphic growth (switch to yeast growth at 37C).

47
Q

The two main reasons there are few therapeutic options for fungal infection in humans.

A

Difficult to find drugs that impact fungi without strong side-effects (humans more closely related to fungi compared to bacteria/viruses), and there has been little incentive for pharmaceutical companies to develop antifungal drugs due to how rare fungal infections have been until very recently.

48
Q

The leading causes of the increased prevalence of human fungal infections.

A

AIDS, cancer treatments, organ transplants, diabetes, and antibiotics.

49
Q

Around ___-___% of childhood airway allergies are due to fungi.

A

8-25%.

50
Q

Common fungi responsible for human allergies include:

A

Alternaria, Cladosporium, Aspergillus, and Penicillium.

51
Q

Mycotoxins.

A

Fungal-produced toxins that may be harmful to humans.

52
Q

Mycotoxins are considered to be _______.

A

Secondary metabolites.

53
Q

Secondary metabolites.

A

Metabolites not essential for growth in pure culture.

54
Q

Secondary metabolite production tends to greatest at what stages of growth?

A

After growth rate slows and during a “stationary phase.”

55
Q

The ecological role of secondary metabolites among saprobes.

A

Competition between saprobes; invading or protecting substrates.

56
Q

It is estimates that as much as ____% of the world’s food supply is contaminated by mycotoxins.

A

25%

57
Q

Aflatoxin is produced by ______.

A

Aspergillus flavus.

58
Q

Aspergillus flavus produced which mycotoxin?

A

Aflatoxin.

59
Q

Aspergillus flavus is associated with what types of crops?

A

Nuts, legumes, and grains.

60
Q

Acute aflatoxin poisoning is rare in humans for what reason?

A

We tend to eat a varied diet that does not result in us consuming a large amount of aflatoxin at once. Generally only a major concern in poorer countries suffering through drought (food scarcity, forced to eat contaminated grain).

61
Q

Chronic exposure to low levels of aflatoxin has been associated with _____.

A

Liver cancer.

62
Q

Aflatoxin is primarily managed through ______.

A

Quality control during storage. Sorting, managing moisture levels below 12%.

63
Q

Stachybotrys chartarum is known as the ______.

A

Toxic mold.

64
Q

The toxic mold.

A

Stachybotrys chartarum.

65
Q

Stachybotrys chartarum grows primarily on ____ and has been associated with mold in ______.

A

Cellulose; houses.

66
Q

The two main types of mycotoxins produced by Stachybotrys chartarum.

A

Trichothecenes and cyclosporins.

67
Q

Trichothecenes.

A

A type of mycotoxin produced by Stachybotrys chartarum associated with sore throat, fatigue, and dermatitis.

68
Q

Cyclosporins.

A

A type of mycotoxin produced by Stachybotrys chartarum associated with immune system suppression.

69
Q

A type of mycotoxin produced by Stachybotrys chartarum associated with sore throat, fatigue, and dermatitis.

A

Trichothecenes

70
Q

A type of mycotoxin produced by Stachybotrys chartarum associated with immune system suppression.

A

Cyclosporins

71
Q

Stachybotrys chartarum is a part of a broader condition known as ______.

A

Sick building syndrome.

72
Q

The most well-characterized mushroom toxins are found in the genus _____.

A

Amanita.

73
Q

____% of all mushroom-related deaths are associated with Amanita phalloides.

A

95%.

74
Q

95% of all mushroom-related deaths are associated with what species?

A

Amanita phalloides.

75
Q

The two types of mycotoxins produced by deadly Amanita species.

A

Amatoxins and phallotoxins.

76
Q

In contrast to other toxic mushrooms, what is unique about the symptoms of Amanita poisoning?

A

6-12 hour delay, stopping after a few hours to return after 24-36 hours. May cause jaundice or liver damage/failure.

77
Q

Mycoses.

A

Fungal diseases in which the fungus invades human cells to cause disease.

78
Q

Fungal diseases in which the fungus invades human cells to cause disease.

A

Mycoses.

79
Q

Superficial mycoses.

A

Mycoses that tend to be found on the outer part of the body on skin, hair, or nails.

80
Q

Mycoses that tend to be found on the outer part of the body on skin, hair, or nails.

A

Superficial mycoses.

81
Q

Subcutaneous mycoses.

A

Mycoses that involve the subcutaneous tissues, muscle, and fascia, often resulting from a piercing trauma to the skin.

82
Q

Mycoses that involve the subcutaneous tissues, muscle, and fascia, often resulting from a piercing trauma to the skin.

A

Subcutaneous mycoses.

83
Q

Systemic (invasive) mycoses.

A

Mycoses in which fungi invade internal parts of the body such as lungs, liver, lymph systems, or other organs, often growing as yeasts.

84
Q

Mycoses in which fungi invade internal parts of the body such as lungs, liver, lymph systems, or other organs, often growing as yeasts.

A

Systemic (invasive) mycoses.

85
Q

Dermatophytes.

A

Fungi that cause superficial infections of the skin, hair, and nails.

86
Q

Fungi that cause superficial infections of the skin, hair, and nails.

A

Dermatophytes.

87
Q

Common dermatophytes include:

A

Aspergillus spp., Candida spp., and Trichophyton spp.

88
Q

What fungi cause the skin infection Tinea?

A

Trichophyton spp.

89
Q

Yeast infections are associated with ______.

A

Candida albicans.

90
Q

Candida albicans is associated with what common disease?

A

Yeast infections. Also thrush.

91
Q

Thrush.

A

An infection of the mucus membranes of the oral cavity caused by Candida albicans.

92
Q

An infection of the mucus membranes of the oral cavity caused by Candida albicans.

A

Thrush.

93
Q

Pneumocystis carnii is the cause of what disease?

A

Pneumonia.

94
Q

Pneumonia is caused by _____.

A

Pneumocystis carnii.

95
Q

The large rise in pneumonia cases in the last century has been associated with _____.

A

AIDS/HIV

96
Q

Valley fever is caused by ______.

A

Coccidioides immitis.

97
Q

Coccidioides immitis causes what disease?

A

Valley fever.

98
Q

Histoplasma capsulatum.

A

A thermally dimorphic fungus that infects the lungs with airborne spores before growing as a yeast. Severe infections are often mistaken for tuberculosis. Systemic dissemination is often fatal.

99
Q

A thermally dimorphic fungus that infects the lungs with airborne spores before growing as a yeast. Severe infections are often mistaken for tuberculosis. Systemic dissemination is often fatal.

A

Histoplasma capsulatum.

Mycology (9 decks)

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