Final Flashcards
Monokaryotic
Cells have one nucleus
Species of the Summer black truffle
Tuber melanosporium
What type of mycorrhizal symbioses involves penetration of root cell walls?
Arbuscular
Life strategy that requires a living host to initiate infection, then living as a necrotroph.
Hemibiotrophic
Key features of fermentations.
(1) Increase edibility by modifying flavor, aroma, color, or texture, (2) increase digestibility by removing toxins or other compounds, (3) concentrate nutrients, and (4) increase shelf life.
The enzyme used to break down pectin
Pectinase
Pythium, Globisporangium, and Phytophthora are members of which group?
The Oomycota
Use of ergonovine.
Induce labor and limit postpartum bleeding.
White rot fungi degrade which wood components?
Hemicellulose, cellulose, and lignin, although some degrade mostly lignin.
The top mushroom-producing state.
Pennsylvania
What life stage dominates the Ascomycota lifecycle?
Haploid
Facts about Entomophthora
Infects insects. Insect dies as fungus takes over, and fungus protrudes out of the body. Spores are dropped upon death, and result in a halo-like ring circling the dead insect.
Influences on composition and diversity in fungal communities.
Substrate availability, physical environment, interspecific interactions, influence of animals.
Key feature distinguishing chytrids and many Cryptomycota from all other fungi.
Zoospores; posteriorly uniflagellate spores that can swim
(T/F) Asexual fungi do not produce fruiting bodies.
False; Asexual fungi are known only by their anamorph but may have an undiscovered teleomorph. Additionally, many produce specialized structures that are morphologically similar to fruiting bodies but produce conidiophores.
Facts specific to lichens.
Used for archeological/geological dating (lichenometry), morphologies (foliose, fructicose, crustose), foliose/fructicose often stratified, used as dyes.
The generalized lifecycle of Ascomycota.
Gametes -> somatic hyphae -> conidia (repeats) OR plasmogamy -> mother cell -> karyogamy -> zygote -> meiosis -> gametes
Rusts that alternate between hosts during lifecycle.
Heteroecious
Examples of petroleum substitutes fungi are used to manufacture.
Gasohol, bioplastics.
Benefits of mycorrhizal symbiosis.
Access to water/nutrients (especially N and P), protection from pathogens, increased fine root longevity, soil aggregation, access to mycorrhizal networks between plants.
Facts specific to the Erysiphales.
Powdery Mildews, all are plant pathogens, mycelium grow on surfaces of leaves, asexual stage on spring/summer foliage, sexual stage on senescent leaves in winter, highly host-specific, feed from epidermal cells via haustoria.
Intermediate forms of basidiocarps between mushroom-shaped and puffballs.
Secotioid
Bioremediation: differences between bacteria and fungi.
Bacteria use pollutants as growth substrates and have difficulty when pollutant concentrations are low.
Bacteria use specific biochemical pathways to degrade pollutants. Fungi are generalists that may degrade compounds they have not previously been exposed to.
Bacteria are faster growing, tolerate a broader range of habitats, and can more often grow anaerobically.
Examples of novel materials produced using fungi.
Packaging, furniture, “leather,”
Features that distinguish Cryptomycota, chytrids, and zygomycetes from Asco/Basidiomycota.
Asexual spores produced in sporangia, mostly aseptate hyphae, lack of large multicellular sexual fruiting bodies.
Shiitakes are grown on what substrate?
Wood/sawdust
Biotrophic
Life strategy in which the fungus only receives nutrition from living cells, often not killing the host or its cells. Often obligate.
Advantage and disadvantage of molecular methods for studying fungal communities.
Able to see gene sequences and accurately evaluate genetic similarities/differences between genetically defined phylogenies.
Expensive, unable to see morphology/structure.
The fungus used to produced Cyclosporin A.
Tolypocladium inflatum
The fungus used in Quorn.
Fusarium venenatum
The elements of the disease triangle.
Pathogen/parasite, susceptible host, conducive environment.
How is the life cycle of a typical smut similar to that of Taphrina (peach leaf curl)?
Obligate plant parasites, haploid stage saprobic on leaf surface.
Differences between endophytic and mycorrhizal fungi in terms of benefits to plants.
Endophytes provide protection from herbivory
Features that distinguish the Oomycota from true fungi.
Beta glucans (cellulose) cells walls, almost entirely diploid life cycle (only gametes are haploid), biflagellate zoospores.
Life strategy in which the fungus only receives nutrition from living cells, often not killing the host or its cells. Often obligate.
Biotrophic
Heteroecious rusts
Alternates between two hosts during lifecycle.
At an early stage of development, what is the key difference between a gametothallus and sporothallus of the chytrid Allomyces?
Ploidy level; gametothallus is haploid, sporothallus is diploid.
Characters commonly associated with human pathogenic fungi.
Ability to gain nutrition from keratin, ability to live at body temperature, dimorphic growth
Soft rot fungi degrade which wood components?
Only cellulose
What life stage dominates the lifecycle of the Basidiomycota.
Dikaryotic
What group of fungi are involved in soft rot?
Ascomycota
The 10,000 yr mushroom.
Reishi
The fungus used to ferment soy sauce and miso.
Aspergillus oryzae
Mushrooms have (high/low) protein.
High
R-selected species
“Ruderal” or pioneer species. Characterized by fast growth and high productivity in disturbed environments. Generally utilize relatively simple substrates.
What type of wood decay would be the likely culprit behind a collapsed deck? Why?
Brown rot, since it degrades cellulose much more than other rots.
The enzyme used to break down proteins.
Protease
A mass of fungal tissue that may give rise to fruiting structures in the Ascomycota.
Stroma
Faded jeans are produced using what enzymes of what fungus?
Cellulases of Trichoderma
What fungus is used to industrially produce steroids?
Rhizopus nigricans
Example of a food component fungi are used to manufacture.
Citric acid
Features of the Cryptomycota.
Lack of chitin wall stage, cyst stage where flagella are lost, aseptate hyphae, aquatic, unculturable, known only by DNA evidence.
Used to alleviate migraines.
Ergotamine
Species of morel.
Morchella esculenta
The enzyme used to break down cellulose.
Cellulase
Roles of soredia and isidia in lichen reproduction.
Reproduction with photobiont.
Pioneer species characterized by fast growth and high productivity in disturbed environments. Generally utilize relatively simple substrates.
R-selected species
The name for rusts.
Pucciniales
Facts specific to Pneumonocystis.
Causes pneumonia, increased case numbers associated with HIV/AIDS.
Generalized lifecycle of the Basidiomycota.
Basidiospores -> mating types -> haploid mycelium -> plasmogamy -> dikaryotic mycelium -> basidiocarp -> basidium development -> karyogamy -> meiosis -> basidiospores
Differences between acute and chronic exposure to aflatoxins.
Acute: Poisoning or death
Chronic: Liver cancer
Life strategy is which the fungus kills host cells and lives off the remains. Can have a free-living saprobic stage.
Necrotrophic
Examples of animal-fungal mutualisms.
Attine ants and Leucoagaricus spp., termites and Termitomyces, Ambrosia beetles and Ambrosiella.
Facts specific to Candida.
Yeast infections and thrush, ubiquitous (in all people), only causes disease when immune system is suppressed, normally only affects infants and the elderly.
The enzyme used to break down lipids.
Lipase
Rusts that infect only one host.
Autoecious
Mushrooms are ____% protein by dry weight.
~30%
The top mushroom-producing country.
China
Facts about Batrachochytridium.
Infects frogs, affecting mainly the skin which gets thicker. Frog dies due to lack of osmoregulation. Disease is called Chytridiomycosis.
Used to induce labor and limit postpartum bleeding.
Ergonovine
Facts specific to Xylaria.
Wood-decaying/saprobic, produce perithecia that develop from stromatic tissue.
Facts specific to downy mildews.
Sporangia can detach to aid in dispersal, member of Peronosporales, host-specific
Necrotrophic
Life strategy is which the fungus kills host cells and lives off the remains. Can have a free-living saprobic stage.
The enzyme used to break down chitin
Chitinase
The fungus used to ferment tempeh.
Rhizopus oligosporus
Species of King Bolete
Boletus edulis
Sterigmata
Structures on basidia from which spores arise.
Advantage and disadvantage of isolation for studying fungal communities.
Easily replicated, more control.
Some fungi grow poorly or are unable to grow in culture.
How do fungi help with heavy metal contamination in soils?
Absorb metals and bind them to organic matter.
The mechanism of penicillin’s antibiotic properties.
Binds to peptidoglycan molecules in bacterial cell wall and weakens the wall, causing cytolysis when the bacterium divides.
Facts about Pythium.
Ecology: plant pathogens/necrotrophic parasites or saprobes.
Diseases: Damping out of seedlings
Life cycle: Complex lifecycle with many alternate routes to new infection.
Species of oyster mushroom.
Pleurotus ostreatus
Similarities between endophytic and mycorrhizal fungi in terms of benefits to plants.
Pathogen resistance, drought tolerance, growth enhancement.
Species of cremini mushrooms.
Agaricus crimini
How are urediniospores different from the asexual spores produced by the Ascomycota?
Dikaryotic and repeating.
Examples of drugs fungi are used to manufacture.
Antibiotics, immunosuppressants.
What type of mycorrhizal symbioses forms vesicles?
Arbuscular
Examples of non-human animal diseases caused by fungi.
Aspergillus sydowii infects coral.
Cordyceps spp. are obligate biotrophic parasites of insects.
A common immunosuppressant used in organ and bone marrow transplants.
Cyclosporin A
What are vertical and horizontal dissemination in endophyes?
Vertical: from parent to progent by seeds Common in grasses.
Horizontal: spores produced on dead/dying tissue to infect new hosts. Common in woody plants.
What do terms like “form-Phylum,” “form-Class,” etc. mean?
Not phylogenetic/based on relatedness. Categorization by morphology alone.
Hemibiotrophic
Life strategy that requires a living host to initiate infection, then living as a necrotroph.
The fungus that is the primary industrial source of citric acid.
Aspergillus niger
Dikaryotic
Cells have two nuclei
Mushrooms have (high/low) fat.
Low
The enzyme used to break down starch.
Amylase
Structures on basidia from which spores arise.
Sterigmata
Cholesterol-lowering drugs that disrupt cholesterol biosynthesis.
Statins
C-selected species
“Combative” species, characterized by slow growth and high capacity to compete. Generally utilize complex substrates and most are involved in wood decay.
Industrial uses of fungi.
Manufacturing food components, drugs, petroleum substitutes, and agrochemicals, break down chemical contaminants, and as biological control of agricultural pests.
The most commonly produced mushrooms.
Button
The main differences between endophytic and mycorrhizal fungi.
Endophytic have no external connection outside of plant.
What type of mycorrhizal symbioses are always obligate for the fungus?
Both ecto and arbuscular
What is a potential consequence of having plasmogamy and karyogamy temporally separated, as in Asco/Basidiomycota?
Can mate as opportunity arises but can wait for optimal conditions for sexual reproduction.
The three steps of bioethanol production.
(1) Break down of lignin by wood decay fungus, (2) hydrolysis of cellulose and hemicellulose by Trichoderma, and (3) sugar fermentation by yeast.
The genus of reishi
Ganoderma
Morphology applied at the cellular and/or subcellular level.
Ultrastructural morphology
Examples of agrochemicals fungi are used to manufacture.
Plant growth regulators, fungicides.
Why are fungi so amenable to industrial production?
(1) They produce extracellular metabolites, (2) can grow in huge vats of nutrient solution, simplifying metabolite recovery, (3) can utilize many materials as substrates, and (4) they can be genetically engineered.
Ecological roles of wood decay in forest ecosystems.
Biomass and nutrient cycling, heart rot provides valuable habitat (woodpeckers), builds soil (brown rot produces OM that is highly resistant to further decay, providing ideal conditions for seed germination).
Trends in fungal succession
R -> C-selected species, high -> low diversity, less -> more dominance, less -> specialized.
Statins
Cholesterol-lowering drugs that disrupt cholesterol biosynthesis.
Heterokaryotic
Consists of multiple nuclear types
Species of chaterelle
Cantharellus cibarius
Species of Italian white truffle.
Tuber magnatum
The enzyme used to break down cutin
Cutinase
Species characterized by slow growth and high capacity to compete. Generally utilize complex substrates and most are involved in wood decay.
C-selected species
Ultrastructural morphology
Morphology applied at the cellular and/or subcellular level.
Three food-related roles of fungi.
(1) As food or garnishment, (2) as a food processor, and (3) as a medicinal product or dietary supplement.
The difference between zygomycetes and the Basidiomycota regarding their dikaryotic stages.
In zygo, karyogamy closely follows plasmogamy so there isn’t really a dikaryotic stage.
Fungus cultivated by Attine ants
Leucoagaricus spp.
Autoecious rusts
Infect only one host
Example of a chemical contaminant fungi can be used to break down.
PCBs
Use of ergotamine.
Alleviates migraines.
Mushrooms have (high/low) potassium.
High
Mushrooms have (high/low) B vitamins.
High
High fructose corn syrup is produced using what enzymes of what fungus?
Amylases of Aspergillus niger
The primary asexual stage of rust fungi.
Urediniospores
Attributes of the Kingdom Fungi
Chitin cell walls, mitochondria with plate-like cristae, glycogen as energy storage, reproduction via spores.
What type of mycorrhizal symbioses is primarily associated with woody plants?
Ecto
Causes of increased prevalence of fungal infections in humans.
Diabetes, cancer treatments, organ transplants, antibiotics.
All due to immune suppression.
Ascospores generally exit the ascus by means of ______.
Forcible ejection.
What type of mycorrhizal symbioses evolved more than one?
Ecto
How do fungi deal with nutrient depletion zones?
Apical extension, formation of vacuoles in older hyphae that become metabolically inactive, or dormancy.
Stroma
A mass of fungal tissue that may give rise to fruiting structures in the Ascomycota.
What type of mycorrhizal symbioses form a Hartig net?
Ecto
Species of white button mushrooms.
Agaricus brunnescens (Agaricus bisporus)
Advantage and disadvantage of direct observation for studying fungal communities.
Simple, able to observe in natural environment.
Unable to observe non-fruiting fungi and some can be unidentifiable.
Features of the Oomycota that are similar to true fungi.
Similar morphology and ecology, similar habitats, both heterotrophs with absorptive nutrition, hyphal thallus
Facts about Microsporidia.
Obligate intercellular parasites of animals, spores inject cytoplasm into host cells via polar tubes, holes/tubes protrude through host cell wall for sporangium, produces resting spores within host cell, unculturable.
Rozella allomycis is an intercellular parasite of the chytrid Allomyces
Homokaryotic
Consists of only a single nuclear type.
Saccharomycotina, Taphrinomycotina, and Pezizomycotina are members of which group?
Ascomycota
Facts about Phytophthora
Cause of potato blight, economically important plant pathogen, member of Peronosporales
Population/ecosystem impacts of parasites.
Population regulation, community structure mediation.
Mushroom-shaped basidiocarps (have/have not) evolved into puffball shapes, and puffballs (have/have not) evolved into mushroom-shapes.
Have; have not
