Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Mycology > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

1
Q

Monokaryotic

A

Cells have one nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Species of the Summer black truffle

A

Tuber melanosporium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What type of mycorrhizal symbioses involves penetration of root cell walls?

A

Arbuscular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Life strategy that requires a living host to initiate infection, then living as a necrotroph.

A

Hemibiotrophic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Key features of fermentations.

A

(1) Increase edibility by modifying flavor, aroma, color, or texture, (2) increase digestibility by removing toxins or other compounds, (3) concentrate nutrients, and (4) increase shelf life.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

The enzyme used to break down pectin

A

Pectinase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Pythium, Globisporangium, and Phytophthora are members of which group?

A

The Oomycota

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Use of ergonovine.

A

Induce labor and limit postpartum bleeding.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

White rot fungi degrade which wood components?

A

Hemicellulose, cellulose, and lignin, although some degrade mostly lignin.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

The top mushroom-producing state.

A

Pennsylvania

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What life stage dominates the Ascomycota lifecycle?

A

Haploid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Facts about Entomophthora

A

Infects insects. Insect dies as fungus takes over, and fungus protrudes out of the body. Spores are dropped upon death, and result in a halo-like ring circling the dead insect.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Influences on composition and diversity in fungal communities.

A

Substrate availability, physical environment, interspecific interactions, influence of animals.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Key feature distinguishing chytrids and many Cryptomycota from all other fungi.

A

Zoospores; posteriorly uniflagellate spores that can swim

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

(T/F) Asexual fungi do not produce fruiting bodies.

A

False; Asexual fungi are known only by their anamorph but may have an undiscovered teleomorph. Additionally, many produce specialized structures that are morphologically similar to fruiting bodies but produce conidiophores.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Facts specific to lichens.

A

Used for archeological/geological dating (lichenometry), morphologies (foliose, fructicose, crustose), foliose/fructicose often stratified, used as dyes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

The generalized lifecycle of Ascomycota.

A

Gametes -> somatic hyphae -> conidia (repeats) OR plasmogamy -> mother cell -> karyogamy -> zygote -> meiosis -> gametes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Rusts that alternate between hosts during lifecycle.

A

Heteroecious

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Examples of petroleum substitutes fungi are used to manufacture.

A

Gasohol, bioplastics.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Benefits of mycorrhizal symbiosis.

A

Access to water/nutrients (especially N and P), protection from pathogens, increased fine root longevity, soil aggregation, access to mycorrhizal networks between plants.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Facts specific to the Erysiphales.

A

Powdery Mildews, all are plant pathogens, mycelium grow on surfaces of leaves, asexual stage on spring/summer foliage, sexual stage on senescent leaves in winter, highly host-specific, feed from epidermal cells via haustoria.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Intermediate forms of basidiocarps between mushroom-shaped and puffballs.

A

Secotioid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Bioremediation: differences between bacteria and fungi.

A

Bacteria use pollutants as growth substrates and have difficulty when pollutant concentrations are low.

Bacteria use specific biochemical pathways to degrade pollutants. Fungi are generalists that may degrade compounds they have not previously been exposed to.

Bacteria are faster growing, tolerate a broader range of habitats, and can more often grow anaerobically.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Examples of novel materials produced using fungi.

A

Packaging, furniture, “leather,”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Features that distinguish Cryptomycota, chytrids, and zygomycetes from Asco/Basidiomycota.

A

Asexual spores produced in sporangia, mostly aseptate hyphae, lack of large multicellular sexual fruiting bodies.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Shiitakes are grown on what substrate?

A

Wood/sawdust

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Biotrophic

A

Life strategy in which the fungus only receives nutrition from living cells, often not killing the host or its cells. Often obligate.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Advantage and disadvantage of molecular methods for studying fungal communities.

A

Able to see gene sequences and accurately evaluate genetic similarities/differences between genetically defined phylogenies.

Expensive, unable to see morphology/structure.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

The fungus used to produced Cyclosporin A.

A

Tolypocladium inflatum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

The fungus used in Quorn.

A

Fusarium venenatum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

The elements of the disease triangle.

A

Pathogen/parasite, susceptible host, conducive environment.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

How is the life cycle of a typical smut similar to that of Taphrina (peach leaf curl)?

A

Obligate plant parasites, haploid stage saprobic on leaf surface.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Differences between endophytic and mycorrhizal fungi in terms of benefits to plants.

A

Endophytes provide protection from herbivory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Features that distinguish the Oomycota from true fungi.

A

Beta glucans (cellulose) cells walls, almost entirely diploid life cycle (only gametes are haploid), biflagellate zoospores.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Life strategy in which the fungus only receives nutrition from living cells, often not killing the host or its cells. Often obligate.

A

Biotrophic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Heteroecious rusts

A

Alternates between two hosts during lifecycle.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

At an early stage of development, what is the key difference between a gametothallus and sporothallus of the chytrid Allomyces?

A

Ploidy level; gametothallus is haploid, sporothallus is diploid.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Characters commonly associated with human pathogenic fungi.

A

Ability to gain nutrition from keratin, ability to live at body temperature, dimorphic growth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Soft rot fungi degrade which wood components?

A

Only cellulose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What life stage dominates the lifecycle of the Basidiomycota.

A

Dikaryotic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What group of fungi are involved in soft rot?

A

Ascomycota

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

The 10,000 yr mushroom.

A

Reishi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

The fungus used to ferment soy sauce and miso.

A

Aspergillus oryzae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Mushrooms have (high/low) protein.

A

High

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

R-selected species

A

“Ruderal” or pioneer species. Characterized by fast growth and high productivity in disturbed environments. Generally utilize relatively simple substrates.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

What type of wood decay would be the likely culprit behind a collapsed deck? Why?

A

Brown rot, since it degrades cellulose much more than other rots.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

The enzyme used to break down proteins.

A

Protease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

A mass of fungal tissue that may give rise to fruiting structures in the Ascomycota.

A

Stroma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Faded jeans are produced using what enzymes of what fungus?

A

Cellulases of Trichoderma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

What fungus is used to industrially produce steroids?

A

Rhizopus nigricans

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Example of a food component fungi are used to manufacture.

A

Citric acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Features of the Cryptomycota.

A

Lack of chitin wall stage, cyst stage where flagella are lost, aseptate hyphae, aquatic, unculturable, known only by DNA evidence.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Used to alleviate migraines.

A

Ergotamine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

Species of morel.

A

Morchella esculenta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

The enzyme used to break down cellulose.

A

Cellulase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

Roles of soredia and isidia in lichen reproduction.

A

Reproduction with photobiont.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

Pioneer species characterized by fast growth and high productivity in disturbed environments. Generally utilize relatively simple substrates.

A

R-selected species

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

The name for rusts.

A

Pucciniales

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

Facts specific to Pneumonocystis.

A

Causes pneumonia, increased case numbers associated with HIV/AIDS.

60
Q

Generalized lifecycle of the Basidiomycota.

A

Basidiospores -> mating types -> haploid mycelium -> plasmogamy -> dikaryotic mycelium -> basidiocarp -> basidium development -> karyogamy -> meiosis -> basidiospores

61
Q

Differences between acute and chronic exposure to aflatoxins.

A

Acute: Poisoning or death

Chronic: Liver cancer

62
Q

Life strategy is which the fungus kills host cells and lives off the remains. Can have a free-living saprobic stage.

A

Necrotrophic

63
Q

Examples of animal-fungal mutualisms.

A

Attine ants and Leucoagaricus spp., termites and Termitomyces, Ambrosia beetles and Ambrosiella.

64
Q

Facts specific to Candida.

A

Yeast infections and thrush, ubiquitous (in all people), only causes disease when immune system is suppressed, normally only affects infants and the elderly.

65
Q

The enzyme used to break down lipids.

A

Lipase

66
Q

Rusts that infect only one host.

A

Autoecious

67
Q

Mushrooms are ____% protein by dry weight.

A

~30%

68
Q

The top mushroom-producing country.

A

China

69
Q

Facts about Batrachochytridium.

A

Infects frogs, affecting mainly the skin which gets thicker. Frog dies due to lack of osmoregulation. Disease is called Chytridiomycosis.

70
Q

Used to induce labor and limit postpartum bleeding.

A

Ergonovine

71
Q

Facts specific to Xylaria.

A

Wood-decaying/saprobic, produce perithecia that develop from stromatic tissue.

72
Q

Facts specific to downy mildews.

A

Sporangia can detach to aid in dispersal, member of Peronosporales, host-specific

73
Q

Necrotrophic

A

Life strategy is which the fungus kills host cells and lives off the remains. Can have a free-living saprobic stage.

74
Q

The enzyme used to break down chitin

A

Chitinase

75
Q

The fungus used to ferment tempeh.

A

Rhizopus oligosporus

76
Q

Species of King Bolete

A

Boletus edulis

77
Q

Sterigmata

A

Structures on basidia from which spores arise.

78
Q

Advantage and disadvantage of isolation for studying fungal communities.

A

Easily replicated, more control.

Some fungi grow poorly or are unable to grow in culture.

79
Q

How do fungi help with heavy metal contamination in soils?

A

Absorb metals and bind them to organic matter.

80
Q

The mechanism of penicillin’s antibiotic properties.

A

Binds to peptidoglycan molecules in bacterial cell wall and weakens the wall, causing cytolysis when the bacterium divides.

81
Q

Facts about Pythium.

A

Ecology: plant pathogens/necrotrophic parasites or saprobes.

Diseases: Damping out of seedlings

Life cycle: Complex lifecycle with many alternate routes to new infection.

82
Q

Species of oyster mushroom.

A

Pleurotus ostreatus

83
Q

Similarities between endophytic and mycorrhizal fungi in terms of benefits to plants.

A

Pathogen resistance, drought tolerance, growth enhancement.

84
Q

Species of cremini mushrooms.

A

Agaricus crimini

85
Q

How are urediniospores different from the asexual spores produced by the Ascomycota?

A

Dikaryotic and repeating.

86
Q

Examples of drugs fungi are used to manufacture.

A

Antibiotics, immunosuppressants.

87
Q

What type of mycorrhizal symbioses forms vesicles?

A

Arbuscular

88
Q

Examples of non-human animal diseases caused by fungi.

A

Aspergillus sydowii infects coral.

Cordyceps spp. are obligate biotrophic parasites of insects.

89
Q

A common immunosuppressant used in organ and bone marrow transplants.

A

Cyclosporin A

90
Q

What are vertical and horizontal dissemination in endophyes?

A

Vertical: from parent to progent by seeds Common in grasses.

Horizontal: spores produced on dead/dying tissue to infect new hosts. Common in woody plants.

91
Q

What do terms like “form-Phylum,” “form-Class,” etc. mean?

A

Not phylogenetic/based on relatedness. Categorization by morphology alone.

92
Q

Hemibiotrophic

A

Life strategy that requires a living host to initiate infection, then living as a necrotroph.

93
Q

The fungus that is the primary industrial source of citric acid.

A

Aspergillus niger

94
Q

Dikaryotic

A

Cells have two nuclei

95
Q

Mushrooms have (high/low) fat.

A

Low

96
Q

The enzyme used to break down starch.

A

Amylase

97
Q

Structures on basidia from which spores arise.

A

Sterigmata

98
Q

Cholesterol-lowering drugs that disrupt cholesterol biosynthesis.

A

Statins

99
Q

C-selected species

A

“Combative” species, characterized by slow growth and high capacity to compete. Generally utilize complex substrates and most are involved in wood decay.

100
Q

Industrial uses of fungi.

A

Manufacturing food components, drugs, petroleum substitutes, and agrochemicals, break down chemical contaminants, and as biological control of agricultural pests.

101
Q

The most commonly produced mushrooms.

A

Button

102
Q

The main differences between endophytic and mycorrhizal fungi.

A

Endophytic have no external connection outside of plant.

103
Q

What type of mycorrhizal symbioses are always obligate for the fungus?

A

Both ecto and arbuscular

104
Q

What is a potential consequence of having plasmogamy and karyogamy temporally separated, as in Asco/Basidiomycota?

A

Can mate as opportunity arises but can wait for optimal conditions for sexual reproduction.

105
Q

The three steps of bioethanol production.

A

(1) Break down of lignin by wood decay fungus, (2) hydrolysis of cellulose and hemicellulose by Trichoderma, and (3) sugar fermentation by yeast.

106
Q

The genus of reishi

A

Ganoderma

107
Q

Morphology applied at the cellular and/or subcellular level.

A

Ultrastructural morphology

108
Q

Examples of agrochemicals fungi are used to manufacture.

A

Plant growth regulators, fungicides.

109
Q

Why are fungi so amenable to industrial production?

A

(1) They produce extracellular metabolites, (2) can grow in huge vats of nutrient solution, simplifying metabolite recovery, (3) can utilize many materials as substrates, and (4) they can be genetically engineered.

110
Q

Ecological roles of wood decay in forest ecosystems.

A

Biomass and nutrient cycling, heart rot provides valuable habitat (woodpeckers), builds soil (brown rot produces OM that is highly resistant to further decay, providing ideal conditions for seed germination).

111
Q

Trends in fungal succession

A

R -> C-selected species, high -> low diversity, less -> more dominance, less -> specialized.

112
Q

Statins

A

Cholesterol-lowering drugs that disrupt cholesterol biosynthesis.

113
Q

Heterokaryotic

A

Consists of multiple nuclear types

114
Q

Species of chaterelle

A

Cantharellus cibarius

115
Q

Species of Italian white truffle.

A

Tuber magnatum

116
Q

The enzyme used to break down cutin

A

Cutinase

117
Q

Species characterized by slow growth and high capacity to compete. Generally utilize complex substrates and most are involved in wood decay.

A

C-selected species

118
Q

Ultrastructural morphology

A

Morphology applied at the cellular and/or subcellular level.

119
Q

Three food-related roles of fungi.

A

(1) As food or garnishment, (2) as a food processor, and (3) as a medicinal product or dietary supplement.

120
Q

The difference between zygomycetes and the Basidiomycota regarding their dikaryotic stages.

A

In zygo, karyogamy closely follows plasmogamy so there isn’t really a dikaryotic stage.

121
Q

Fungus cultivated by Attine ants

A

Leucoagaricus spp.

122
Q

Autoecious rusts

A

Infect only one host

123
Q

Example of a chemical contaminant fungi can be used to break down.

A

PCBs

124
Q

Use of ergotamine.

A

Alleviates migraines.

125
Q

Mushrooms have (high/low) potassium.

A

High

126
Q

Mushrooms have (high/low) B vitamins.

A

High

127
Q

High fructose corn syrup is produced using what enzymes of what fungus?

A

Amylases of Aspergillus niger

128
Q

The primary asexual stage of rust fungi.

A

Urediniospores

129
Q

Attributes of the Kingdom Fungi

A

Chitin cell walls, mitochondria with plate-like cristae, glycogen as energy storage, reproduction via spores.

130
Q

What type of mycorrhizal symbioses is primarily associated with woody plants?

A

Ecto

131
Q

Causes of increased prevalence of fungal infections in humans.

A

Diabetes, cancer treatments, organ transplants, antibiotics.

All due to immune suppression.

132
Q

Ascospores generally exit the ascus by means of ______.

A

Forcible ejection.

133
Q

What type of mycorrhizal symbioses evolved more than one?

A

Ecto

134
Q

How do fungi deal with nutrient depletion zones?

A

Apical extension, formation of vacuoles in older hyphae that become metabolically inactive, or dormancy.

135
Q

Stroma

A

A mass of fungal tissue that may give rise to fruiting structures in the Ascomycota.

136
Q

What type of mycorrhizal symbioses form a Hartig net?

A

Ecto

137
Q

Species of white button mushrooms.

A

Agaricus brunnescens (Agaricus bisporus)

138
Q

Advantage and disadvantage of direct observation for studying fungal communities.

A

Simple, able to observe in natural environment.

Unable to observe non-fruiting fungi and some can be unidentifiable.

139
Q

Features of the Oomycota that are similar to true fungi.

A

Similar morphology and ecology, similar habitats, both heterotrophs with absorptive nutrition, hyphal thallus

140
Q

Facts about Microsporidia.

A

Obligate intercellular parasites of animals, spores inject cytoplasm into host cells via polar tubes, holes/tubes protrude through host cell wall for sporangium, produces resting spores within host cell, unculturable.

Rozella allomycis is an intercellular parasite of the chytrid Allomyces

141
Q

Homokaryotic

A

Consists of only a single nuclear type.

142
Q

Saccharomycotina, Taphrinomycotina, and Pezizomycotina are members of which group?

A

Ascomycota

143
Q

Facts about Phytophthora

A

Cause of potato blight, economically important plant pathogen, member of Peronosporales

144
Q

Population/ecosystem impacts of parasites.

A

Population regulation, community structure mediation.

145
Q

Mushroom-shaped basidiocarps (have/have not) evolved into puffball shapes, and puffballs (have/have not) evolved into mushroom-shapes.

A

Have; have not

Mycology (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions