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Mycology > Q4: Microsporidia, cryptomycota, zygomycota, & glomeromycotina > Flashcards

Q4: Microsporidia, cryptomycota, zygomycota, & glomeromycotina Flashcards

1
Q

What are zoospores?

A

Spores with posterior flagella that can swim.

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2
Q

In zygomycetes, meiosis occurs in the _____.

A

Zygospore, just before germination.

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3
Q

Alternation of generations.

A

A life cycle that includes both haploid and diploid life stages.

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4
Q

Sporocarps.

A

Structures in which spores are aggregated into groups in Glomeromycotina.

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5
Q

The main ecological niches of chytrids.

A

Saprobes (cellulose, chitin, keratin) and parasites of plants and animals.

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6
Q

What are zoosporangia?

A

Sporangia that form zoospores.

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7
Q

The stages of zygospore development.

A

(1) Progametangia of compatible mating types come into contact, (2) form gametangia that (3) fuse and undergo plasmogamy/karyogamy, (4) formation of a diploid zygote, and (5) formation of a thick wall around the mature zygospore.

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8
Q

Arbuscules.

A

Tree-like structures that penetrate plant root cells and act as the point of nutrient exchange.

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9
Q

What is the ploidy of a sporothallus?

A

2n

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10
Q

Sporangium.

A

A sack of multinucleate cytoplasm that gives rise to sporangiospores.

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11
Q

Chytrids are presumed to retain key characters of the last common ancestor of Fungi and Animals, including:

A

(1) A unicellular body (2) bounded by a cell wall that (3) matures into a sporangium that (4) produces many posteriorly uniflagellate zoospores.

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12
Q

In Glomeromycotina, where are spores formed?

A

At the apex of hyphae.

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13
Q

Sporothallus.

A

A thallus that gives rise to sporangia and sporangiospores.

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14
Q

The main ecological niche of zygomycetes.

A

Saprobes (fruit, dung). Some parasites of insects and other animals.

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15
Q

Rhizoids.

A

Anucleate hyphae used to anchor the thallus and aid in nutrient uptake.

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16
Q

The main feature that distinguishes zygomycetes.

A

The formation of a unicellular sexual spore called a zygospore.

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17
Q

What common features distinguish the remaining lineages of fungi from Ascomycota and Basidiomycota?

A

(1) Hyphae that is non-septate (or very few septa), (2) asexual spores produced in sporangia, and (3) the absence of large multicellular sexual fruiting bodies.

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18
Q

The organelle in Microsporidia spores that is used to inject cytoplasm into the host cell.

A

The polar tube.

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19
Q

The reproductive structures of the sporothallus.

A

Mitosporangia and meiosporangia.

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20
Q

Tree-like structures that penetrate plant root cells and act as the point of nutrient exchange.

A

Arbuscules.

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21
Q

The reproductive structures of the gametothallus.

A

Male and female gametangia.

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22
Q

Septa in zygomycetes hyphae are very rare, usually only forming to separate ____ and ____.

A

Hyphae and reproductive structures.

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23
Q

A sack of multinucleate cytoplasm that gives rise to sporangiospores.

A

Sporangium.

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24
Q

The main ecological niche of Microsporidia.

A

Obligate intracellular parasites of animals.

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25
Q

Key features of Cryptomycota (barring Rozella and Microsporidia).

A

(1) Flagella (zoospores), (2) no stage with a chitin cell wall, (3) a cyst stage where the flagellum is lost.

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26
Q

The ploidy of chytrid zoospores.

A

2n for mitospores, n for meiospores.

27
Q

In zygomycetes, which life stages are diploid?

A

The zygote and zygospore.

28
Q

What is a polar tube?

A

The organelle in Microsporidia spores that is used to inject cytoplasm into the host cell.

29
Q

What is the ploidy of a gametothallus?

A

n

30
Q

How does the multinucleate cytoplasm of the sporangium generate sporangiospores?

A

The cytoplasm cleaves up around the nuclei and spore walls form.

31
Q

Many Glomeromycotina species form ____ in roots, which are believed to act as storage organs.

A

Vesicles.

32
Q

Structures in which spores are aggregated into groups in Glomeromycotina.

A

Sporocarps.

33
Q

Microsporidia and Rozella have been found to be a part of which group?

A

Cryptomycota.

34
Q

(T/F) Chytrid zoospores have a cell wall.

A

False.

35
Q

Stolons.

A

Hairlike/cobwebby structures used to rapidly colonize a substrate.

36
Q

In Glomeromycotina, hyphal swellings in the root cortex are known as _____.

A

Vesicles.

37
Q

The ecological niche of Glomeromycotina.

A

Biotrophic symbionts: all but one are arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. The other is an obligate symbiont with the cyanobacterium Nostoc.

38
Q

The basic life cycle of the chytrid Allomyces.

A

Zoospores (n) –> gametothallus –> male/female gametangia –> gametes –> plasmogamy/karyogamy (2n) –> sporothallus –> mito/meiosporangia –> repeating mitospores (2n; forms another sporothallus) and meiospores (n; initiates the gametothallus stage again)

39
Q

(T/F) Zygomycetes are unicellular.

A

False; most are hyphal.

40
Q

The life cycle of zygomycetes is (haploid/diploid) dominant.

A

Haploid.

41
Q

In zygomycetes, the zygospore germinates to produce a _____.

A

Haploid thallus and sporangium.

42
Q

Anucleate hyphae used to anchor the thallus and aid in nutrient uptake.

A

Rhizoids.

43
Q

(T/F) Glomeromycotina is a monophyletic group.

A

True

44
Q

What close relative of microsporidians is an intracellular parasite of a chytrid?

A

Rozella allomycis.

45
Q

The swollen end of the sporangiophore.

A

Columellum

46
Q

How is the ecological niche of Rozella allomycis unique compared to closely related microsporidians?

A

It is an intracellular parasite of the chytrid Allomyces.

47
Q

Gametothallus

A

A thallus that gives rise to gametangia and gametes.

48
Q

Columellum.

A

The swollen end of the sporangiophore.

49
Q

Hairlike/cobwebby structures used to rapidly colonize a substrate.

A

Stolons.

50
Q

The basic life cycle of zygomycetes.

A

Zygospore (2n) –> meiosis –> germination (n) –> sporangiophore/sporangium (n) –> sporangiospores (n) –> germination –> mating –> plasmogamy/karyogamy –> zygospore (2n)

51
Q

The basic life cycle of chytrids.

A

Unicellular body –> sporangium –> zoospores –> cyst –> germination –> unicellular body.

52
Q

Chytrids include what two phyla?

A

Chytridiomycota and Blastocladiomycota.

53
Q

Cryptomycota includes what other two groups?

A

Microsporidia and Rozella.

54
Q

In Glomeromycotina, septa generally only form to ____.

A

Delimit spores or to seal off nonfunctional portions of hyphae.

55
Q

(T/F) Chytrids are unicellular.

A

False; some have developed aseptate hyphae.

56
Q

(T/F) Zygospores are unicellular.

A

True

57
Q

What is the major distinguishing HYPHAL feature of Cryptomycota, Microsooridia, and Chytridiomycota that diflstingish them from Ascomycota and Basidiomycota?

A

All hyphae is aseptate.

58
Q

Where are mitotic (asexual) spores formed for Rhizoids and Pilobolus of Zygomycota?

A

The sporangia

59
Q

What is the sack of multi-nucleate cytoplasm used to form asexual spores called?

A

Sporangium

60
Q

In Zygomycetes, what spore is formed from sexual reproduction?

A

Zygospore

61
Q

In Zygomycetes, is the Haploid or Diploid phase longer?

A

The Haploid phase.

62
Q

Sporangiophore, Sporangium, Spores, Mating Types + and -, and Gametangia.
Is this the Diploid or Haploid life cycle for Zygomycetes?

A

Haploid

63
Q

Plasmogamy, Fertilization, and Meiosis. Is this the Haploid or Diploid phase of Zygomycetes?

A

Diploid

Mycology (9 decks)

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