Q4: Microsporidia, cryptomycota, zygomycota, & glomeromycotina Flashcards
What are zoospores?
Spores with posterior flagella that can swim.
In zygomycetes, meiosis occurs in the _____.
Zygospore, just before germination.
Alternation of generations.
A life cycle that includes both haploid and diploid life stages.
Sporocarps.
Structures in which spores are aggregated into groups in Glomeromycotina.
The main ecological niches of chytrids.
Saprobes (cellulose, chitin, keratin) and parasites of plants and animals.
What are zoosporangia?
Sporangia that form zoospores.
The stages of zygospore development.
(1) Progametangia of compatible mating types come into contact, (2) form gametangia that (3) fuse and undergo plasmogamy/karyogamy, (4) formation of a diploid zygote, and (5) formation of a thick wall around the mature zygospore.
Arbuscules.
Tree-like structures that penetrate plant root cells and act as the point of nutrient exchange.
What is the ploidy of a sporothallus?
2n
Sporangium.
A sack of multinucleate cytoplasm that gives rise to sporangiospores.
Chytrids are presumed to retain key characters of the last common ancestor of Fungi and Animals, including:
(1) A unicellular body (2) bounded by a cell wall that (3) matures into a sporangium that (4) produces many posteriorly uniflagellate zoospores.
In Glomeromycotina, where are spores formed?
At the apex of hyphae.
Sporothallus.
A thallus that gives rise to sporangia and sporangiospores.
The main ecological niche of zygomycetes.
Saprobes (fruit, dung). Some parasites of insects and other animals.
Rhizoids.
Anucleate hyphae used to anchor the thallus and aid in nutrient uptake.
The main feature that distinguishes zygomycetes.
The formation of a unicellular sexual spore called a zygospore.
What common features distinguish the remaining lineages of fungi from Ascomycota and Basidiomycota?
(1) Hyphae that is non-septate (or very few septa), (2) asexual spores produced in sporangia, and (3) the absence of large multicellular sexual fruiting bodies.
The organelle in Microsporidia spores that is used to inject cytoplasm into the host cell.
The polar tube.
The reproductive structures of the sporothallus.
Mitosporangia and meiosporangia.
Tree-like structures that penetrate plant root cells and act as the point of nutrient exchange.
Arbuscules.
The reproductive structures of the gametothallus.
Male and female gametangia.
Septa in zygomycetes hyphae are very rare, usually only forming to separate ____ and ____.
Hyphae and reproductive structures.
A sack of multinucleate cytoplasm that gives rise to sporangiospores.
Sporangium.
The main ecological niche of Microsporidia.
Obligate intracellular parasites of animals.
Key features of Cryptomycota (barring Rozella and Microsporidia).
(1) Flagella (zoospores), (2) no stage with a chitin cell wall, (3) a cyst stage where the flagellum is lost.
The ploidy of chytrid zoospores.
2n for mitospores, n for meiospores.
In zygomycetes, which life stages are diploid?
The zygote and zygospore.
What is a polar tube?
The organelle in Microsporidia spores that is used to inject cytoplasm into the host cell.
What is the ploidy of a gametothallus?
n
How does the multinucleate cytoplasm of the sporangium generate sporangiospores?
The cytoplasm cleaves up around the nuclei and spore walls form.
Many Glomeromycotina species form ____ in roots, which are believed to act as storage organs.
Vesicles.
Structures in which spores are aggregated into groups in Glomeromycotina.
Sporocarps.
Microsporidia and Rozella have been found to be a part of which group?
Cryptomycota.
(T/F) Chytrid zoospores have a cell wall.
False.
Stolons.
Hairlike/cobwebby structures used to rapidly colonize a substrate.
In Glomeromycotina, hyphal swellings in the root cortex are known as _____.
Vesicles.
The ecological niche of Glomeromycotina.
Biotrophic symbionts: all but one are arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. The other is an obligate symbiont with the cyanobacterium Nostoc.
The basic life cycle of the chytrid Allomyces.
Zoospores (n) –> gametothallus –> male/female gametangia –> gametes –> plasmogamy/karyogamy (2n) –> sporothallus –> mito/meiosporangia –> repeating mitospores (2n; forms another sporothallus) and meiospores (n; initiates the gametothallus stage again)
(T/F) Zygomycetes are unicellular.
False; most are hyphal.
The life cycle of zygomycetes is (haploid/diploid) dominant.
Haploid.
In zygomycetes, the zygospore germinates to produce a _____.
Haploid thallus and sporangium.
Anucleate hyphae used to anchor the thallus and aid in nutrient uptake.
Rhizoids.
(T/F) Glomeromycotina is a monophyletic group.
True
What close relative of microsporidians is an intracellular parasite of a chytrid?
Rozella allomycis.
The swollen end of the sporangiophore.
Columellum
How is the ecological niche of Rozella allomycis unique compared to closely related microsporidians?
It is an intracellular parasite of the chytrid Allomyces.
Gametothallus
A thallus that gives rise to gametangia and gametes.
Columellum.
The swollen end of the sporangiophore.
Hairlike/cobwebby structures used to rapidly colonize a substrate.
Stolons.
The basic life cycle of zygomycetes.
Zygospore (2n) –> meiosis –> germination (n) –> sporangiophore/sporangium (n) –> sporangiospores (n) –> germination –> mating –> plasmogamy/karyogamy –> zygospore (2n)
The basic life cycle of chytrids.
Unicellular body –> sporangium –> zoospores –> cyst –> germination –> unicellular body.
Chytrids include what two phyla?
Chytridiomycota and Blastocladiomycota.
Cryptomycota includes what other two groups?
Microsporidia and Rozella.
In Glomeromycotina, septa generally only form to ____.
Delimit spores or to seal off nonfunctional portions of hyphae.
(T/F) Chytrids are unicellular.
False; some have developed aseptate hyphae.
(T/F) Zygospores are unicellular.
True
What is the major distinguishing HYPHAL feature of Cryptomycota, Microsooridia, and Chytridiomycota that diflstingish them from Ascomycota and Basidiomycota?
All hyphae is aseptate.
Where are mitotic (asexual) spores formed for Rhizoids and Pilobolus of Zygomycota?
The sporangia
What is the sack of multi-nucleate cytoplasm used to form asexual spores called?
Sporangium
In Zygomycetes, what spore is formed from sexual reproduction?
Zygospore
In Zygomycetes, is the Haploid or Diploid phase longer?
The Haploid phase.
Sporangiophore, Sporangium, Spores, Mating Types + and -, and Gametangia.
Is this the Diploid or Haploid life cycle for Zygomycetes?
Haploid
Plasmogamy, Fertilization, and Meiosis. Is this the Haploid or Diploid phase of Zygomycetes?
Diploid
